﻿58 
  LL. 
  LLOYD 
  — 
  FURTHER 
  NOTES 
  ON 
  THE 
  BIONOMICS 
  OF 
  

  

  bear 
  a 
  very 
  close 
  relation 
  to 
  the 
  paths, 
  nine 
  of 
  them 
  being 
  within 
  a 
  yard, 
  and 
  the 
  

   remaining 
  four 
  being 
  less 
  than 
  100 
  yards 
  from 
  a 
  path. 
  

  

  It 
  has 
  been 
  repeatedly 
  noticed 
  that 
  the 
  farther 
  from 
  a 
  path 
  the 
  search 
  is 
  conducted 
  

   the 
  fewer 
  are 
  the 
  pupae 
  found, 
  though 
  suitable 
  places 
  may 
  be 
  just 
  as 
  numerous. 
  An 
  

   instance 
  of 
  this 
  is 
  seen 
  by 
  comparing 
  PL 
  x, 
  fig. 
  2, 
  and 
  PL 
  xi, 
  fig. 
  1. 
  The 
  

   accumulation 
  of 
  dead 
  branches 
  shown 
  in 
  the 
  former 
  photograph 
  is 
  300 
  yards 
  from 
  

   a 
  path 
  and 
  forms 
  an 
  apparently 
  ideal 
  position 
  for 
  pupae 
  ; 
  when 
  searched 
  only 
  six 
  

   empty 
  cases 
  were 
  found. 
  The 
  latter 
  figure 
  shows 
  a 
  similar 
  accumulation 
  which 
  is 
  

   close 
  to 
  the 
  junction 
  of 
  two 
  paths 
  and 
  a 
  ford 
  ; 
  this 
  yielded 
  19 
  living 
  pupae 
  and 
  

   five 
  cases. 
  Two 
  thin 
  prone 
  dead 
  trunks 
  situated 
  about 
  100 
  yards 
  from 
  a 
  path 
  

   yielded 
  24 
  pupae 
  and 
  59 
  cases, 
  while 
  in 
  a 
  precisely 
  similar 
  position 
  150 
  yards 
  

   further 
  from 
  the 
  path 
  only 
  three 
  empty 
  cases 
  were 
  found. 
  A 
  number 
  of 
  similar 
  

   instances 
  could 
  be 
  given. 
  

  

  It 
  is 
  not 
  supposed 
  that 
  nearly 
  all 
  the 
  breeding 
  places 
  in 
  the 
  area 
  have 
  been 
  discovered, 
  

   as 
  quite 
  a 
  small 
  dead 
  branch 
  may 
  shelter 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  pupae. 
  Those 
  found 
  however 
  

   are 
  probably 
  representative 
  of 
  the 
  whole 
  and 
  it 
  is 
  possible 
  from 
  these 
  data 
  to 
  deduce 
  

   with 
  some 
  degree 
  of 
  certainty 
  the 
  movements 
  of 
  the 
  female 
  flies. 
  When 
  the 
  female 
  

   fly 
  has 
  fed, 
  it 
  apparently 
  leaves 
  its 
  host 
  and 
  seeks 
  the 
  nearest 
  suitable 
  hiding 
  place, 
  

   where 
  the 
  food 
  is 
  digested. 
  In 
  these 
  places 
  also 
  the 
  larvae 
  are 
  dropped. 
  Since 
  the 
  

   movements 
  of 
  the 
  game 
  from 
  water 
  to 
  feeding 
  grounds 
  are 
  usually 
  along 
  definite 
  

   routes 
  the 
  advantages 
  to 
  the 
  fly 
  of 
  being 
  near 
  these 
  routes 
  must 
  be 
  very 
  great 
  when 
  

   it 
  requires 
  another 
  meal. 
  The 
  advantages 
  to 
  the 
  newly 
  emerged 
  fly 
  would 
  be 
  greater 
  

   still, 
  since 
  the 
  insect 
  requires 
  food 
  on 
  the 
  day 
  after 
  emergence 
  under 
  warm 
  conditions 
  

   and 
  in 
  the 
  colder 
  months 
  dies 
  if 
  it 
  cannot 
  obtain 
  food 
  during 
  the 
  first 
  three 
  or 
  four 
  

   days 
  of 
  its 
  life. 
  If 
  the 
  fly 
  emerged 
  at 
  a 
  great 
  distance 
  from 
  the 
  path 
  it 
  might 
  have 
  to 
  

   wait 
  a 
  very 
  long 
  time 
  for 
  an 
  animal 
  to 
  pass, 
  while 
  near 
  these 
  tracks 
  daily 
  opportunities 
  

   of 
  feeding 
  would 
  be 
  given, 
  since 
  the 
  native 
  paths 
  are 
  much 
  used 
  by 
  game 
  animals. 
  

  

  The 
  Breeding 
  Season. 
  

  

  Evidence 
  has 
  been 
  obtained 
  that 
  in 
  this 
  district 
  breeding 
  is 
  almost 
  confined 
  to 
  the 
  

   warmer 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  dry 
  season. 
  The 
  searches 
  were 
  conducted 
  from 
  December 
  to 
  the 
  

   end 
  of 
  August, 
  rain 
  falling 
  during 
  the 
  first 
  six 
  of 
  these 
  months. 
  Positions 
  in 
  which 
  

   pupae 
  had 
  been 
  found 
  in 
  some 
  numbers 
  during 
  the 
  previous 
  dry 
  season 
  were 
  regularly 
  

   examined. 
  In 
  21 
  searches 
  rom 
  December 
  to 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  June 
  only 
  two 
  living 
  pupae 
  

   were 
  found, 
  these 
  being 
  taken 
  at 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  January. 
  In 
  seven 
  searches 
  during 
  the 
  

   latter 
  half 
  of 
  July 
  44 
  living 
  pupae 
  were 
  taken. 
  In 
  four 
  searches 
  at 
  the 
  beginning 
  of 
  

   August 
  120 
  pupae 
  were 
  collected 
  ; 
  while 
  six 
  searches 
  at 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  the 
  same 
  month 
  

   yielded 
  486 
  pupae. 
  Had 
  the 
  searches 
  in 
  June 
  been 
  more 
  protracted 
  a 
  few 
  pupae 
  

   would 
  probably 
  have 
  been 
  found, 
  since 
  flies 
  emerged 
  during 
  August 
  from 
  27 
  of 
  the 
  

   pupae 
  collected. 
  These 
  had 
  probably 
  been 
  deposited 
  towards 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  June 
  or 
  

   very 
  early 
  in 
  July. 
  

  

  Under 
  two 
  trees 
  which 
  had 
  been 
  felled 
  by 
  lightning 
  during 
  the 
  early 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  

   rainy 
  season, 
  pupae 
  were 
  found 
  in 
  August. 
  The 
  first 
  of 
  these 
  was 
  a 
  tall 
  tree 
  from 
  

   three 
  to 
  12 
  inches 
  in 
  diameter 
  (PL 
  xi, 
  fig. 
  2) 
  which 
  fell 
  across 
  the 
  game 
  path 
  close 
  to 
  

   a 
  ford. 
  This 
  spot 
  was 
  almost 
  daily 
  visited 
  by 
  rhinoceros 
  and 
  warthog 
  which 
  wallowed 
  

   in 
  the 
  mud 
  and 
  then 
  cleaned 
  themselves 
  against 
  the 
  fallen 
  trunk. 
  On 
  18th 
  August, 
  68 
  

   living 
  pupae 
  and 
  five 
  empty 
  cases 
  were 
  collected 
  under 
  the 
  trunk. 
  The 
  empty 
  cases 
  

  

  