﻿ANOPHELINE 
  MOSQUITOS 
  IN 
  BRITISH 
  NORTH 
  BORNEO. 
  139 
  

  

  further 
  up 
  the 
  river 
  and 
  there 
  is 
  little 
  malaria 
  among 
  the 
  coolies, 
  in 
  spite 
  of 
  the 
  fact 
  

   that 
  no 
  prophylactic 
  quinine 
  is 
  taken. 
  The 
  spleen 
  rate 
  of 
  321 
  coolies 
  was 
  7*1 
  per 
  cent. 
  

  

  Apart 
  from 
  the 
  railway 
  which 
  extends 
  from 
  Jesselton 
  to 
  Melalap, 
  a 
  distance 
  of 
  

   some 
  100 
  miles 
  along 
  the 
  coast, 
  and 
  a 
  few 
  rivers, 
  there 
  is 
  no 
  means 
  of 
  communication, 
  

   and 
  when 
  writing 
  of 
  travelling 
  from 
  district 
  to 
  district, 
  travelling 
  by 
  rail 
  is 
  meant. 
  

   From 
  Bangawan, 
  travelling 
  in 
  a 
  northerly 
  direction 
  for 
  about 
  5 
  miles 
  and 
  then 
  fol- 
  

   lowing 
  the 
  Kimanis 
  Kiver 
  for 
  a 
  further 
  three 
  miles, 
  one 
  reaches 
  Kimanis 
  Village, 
  

   where 
  among 
  the 
  52 
  children 
  examined 
  the 
  spleen 
  rate 
  was 
  found 
  to 
  be 
  11 
  '53 
  per 
  

   cent. 
  The 
  land 
  here 
  for 
  the 
  most 
  part 
  is 
  high 
  and 
  there 
  is 
  no 
  extensive 
  area 
  of 
  

   swamp. 
  The 
  village 
  is 
  cleaner 
  than 
  is 
  usually 
  the 
  case 
  with 
  native 
  villages 
  and 
  the 
  

   houses 
  are 
  better 
  built, 
  with 
  wider 
  intervals 
  between 
  them. 
  The 
  jungle 
  in 
  the 
  neigh- 
  

   bourhood 
  is 
  not 
  dense 
  and 
  the 
  village 
  itself, 
  with 
  the 
  exception 
  of 
  a 
  few 
  coconut 
  

   trees, 
  is 
  fairly 
  free 
  of 
  vegetation. 
  Owing 
  to 
  arrangements 
  kindly 
  made 
  for 
  me 
  by 
  

   the 
  District 
  Officer, 
  the 
  native 
  chief 
  of 
  the 
  district 
  accompanied 
  me 
  round 
  the 
  village 
  

   and 
  I 
  went 
  into 
  most 
  of 
  the 
  houses. 
  I 
  was 
  informed 
  that 
  the 
  inhabitants 
  at 
  one 
  

   time 
  had 
  had 
  among 
  them 
  a 
  wasting 
  disease 
  with 
  cough, 
  but 
  with 
  the 
  exception 
  of 
  

   one 
  boy 
  suffering 
  from 
  emphysema, 
  cough 
  and 
  cyanosis, 
  I 
  found 
  no 
  evidence 
  of 
  

   tuberculosis. 
  A 
  few 
  rice-fields 
  surround 
  the 
  village. 
  

  

  A 
  further 
  two 
  miles 
  up 
  the 
  river 
  is 
  Rubber 
  Estate 
  (C), 
  where 
  the 
  spleen 
  rate 
  of 
  the 
  

   379 
  coolies 
  was 
  11*87 
  per 
  cent. 
  Prophylactic 
  quinine 
  is 
  given. 
  Great 
  care 
  was 
  

   exercised 
  by 
  the 
  manager 
  to 
  enforce 
  the 
  use 
  of 
  mosquito 
  nets 
  among 
  the 
  coolies, 
  

   and 
  had 
  this 
  not 
  been 
  so 
  the 
  amount 
  of 
  malaria 
  in 
  the 
  coolie 
  force 
  would 
  have 
  been 
  

   much 
  greater, 
  for 
  a 
  good 
  many 
  of 
  the 
  lines 
  were 
  situated 
  near 
  a 
  piece 
  of 
  swamp 
  

   where 
  I 
  found 
  Anophelines 
  breeding. 
  An 
  interesting 
  fact 
  on 
  this 
  estate 
  was 
  that 
  

   one 
  coolie 
  line 
  built 
  on 
  rising 
  ground 
  in 
  the 
  middle 
  of 
  an 
  extensive 
  swamp, 
  which 
  

   had 
  large 
  trees 
  growing 
  in 
  it, 
  was, 
  so 
  long 
  as 
  the 
  trees 
  remained 
  standing, 
  infested 
  

   with 
  malaria, 
  but 
  as 
  soon 
  as 
  the 
  trees 
  were 
  felled, 
  although 
  little 
  could 
  be 
  done 
  to 
  

   drain 
  the 
  swamp, 
  the 
  malaria 
  stopped. 
  It 
  seems 
  that 
  one 
  explanation 
  possible 
  was 
  

   that 
  the 
  large 
  trees 
  helped 
  to 
  shield 
  the 
  adult 
  mosquitos 
  when 
  they 
  bred 
  out 
  and 
  

   that 
  the 
  short 
  undergrowth 
  which 
  remained 
  (as 
  the 
  land 
  was 
  unsuitable 
  for 
  planting) 
  

   did 
  not 
  afford 
  the 
  same 
  protection. 
  

  

  This 
  observation 
  may 
  also 
  explain 
  the 
  well-known 
  fact 
  on 
  rubber 
  estates 
  that 
  so 
  

   long 
  as 
  the 
  trees 
  remain 
  small, 
  the 
  malaria 
  rate 
  is 
  small, 
  but 
  as 
  the 
  trees 
  get 
  larger 
  

   the 
  malaria 
  increases. 
  This 
  phenomenon 
  is 
  sometimes 
  attributed 
  to 
  the 
  mere 
  growth 
  

   of 
  the 
  trees 
  in 
  itself 
  in 
  some 
  unknown 
  way, 
  but 
  I 
  do 
  not 
  know 
  of 
  any 
  observation 
  

   tending 
  to 
  show 
  that 
  the 
  size 
  of 
  the 
  rubber 
  trees 
  without 
  the 
  presence 
  of 
  water, 
  

   either 
  in 
  the 
  shape 
  of 
  pools 
  or 
  small 
  hill 
  streams, 
  has 
  been 
  responsible 
  for 
  malaria. 
  

  

  Twelve 
  miles 
  further 
  north 
  is 
  Papar 
  Village, 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  Mill 
  Hill 
  Roman 
  Catholic 
  

   Mission 
  there, 
  among 
  37 
  children 
  drawn 
  from 
  the 
  village, 
  the 
  spleen 
  rate 
  was 
  13*5 
  

   per 
  cent. 
  

  

  Although 
  the 
  houses 
  are 
  widely 
  separated, 
  this 
  is 
  the 
  most 
  populous 
  district 
  on 
  

   the 
  west 
  coast 
  of 
  this 
  part 
  of 
  Borneo 
  and 
  there 
  is 
  a 
  large 
  amount 
  of 
  rice-growing. 
  

   The 
  land 
  is 
  flat 
  and 
  high, 
  with 
  no 
  extensive 
  area 
  of 
  swamp. 
  The 
  jungle 
  may 
  be 
  

   described 
  as 
  light 
  and 
  is 
  nowhere 
  dense. 
  As 
  is 
  the 
  common 
  experience, 
  cultivated 
  

   rice-fields 
  do 
  not 
  seem 
  to 
  be 
  a 
  danger 
  in 
  favouring 
  malaria 
  in 
  this 
  district. 
  Not 
  

  

  