﻿140 
  RICHARD 
  ROPER. 
  — 
  ACCOUNT 
  OF 
  

  

  until 
  Rubber 
  Estate 
  (D) 
  is 
  reached, 
  in 
  a 
  direction 
  almost 
  due 
  east, 
  about 
  five 
  miles 
  

   distant, 
  does 
  the 
  land 
  become 
  hilly 
  with 
  intervening 
  swamps. 
  Here 
  the 
  native 
  

   population 
  is 
  small. 
  The 
  spleen 
  rate 
  of 
  the 
  322 
  coolies 
  examined 
  on 
  this 
  estate 
  

   was 
  25*4 
  per 
  cent 
  (prophylactic 
  quinine). 
  The 
  spleen 
  rate 
  was 
  taken 
  in 
  the 
  early 
  

   stage 
  of 
  the 
  development 
  of 
  the 
  estate 
  when 
  there 
  was 
  a 
  good 
  deal 
  of 
  malaria, 
  but 
  

   after 
  the 
  drainage 
  of 
  the 
  flat 
  land 
  and 
  swamps 
  and 
  careful 
  selection 
  of 
  sites 
  for 
  coolie 
  

   lines 
  it 
  very 
  much 
  decreased. 
  

  

  All 
  the 
  rubber 
  estates 
  with 
  which 
  this 
  paper 
  deals 
  were 
  young 
  and 
  two 
  only 
  were 
  

   beginning 
  to 
  produce 
  in 
  1913. 
  

  

  Without 
  exception, 
  in 
  any 
  jungle 
  or 
  swamp 
  land 
  on 
  the 
  borders 
  of 
  estates, 
  where 
  

   search 
  has 
  been 
  made, 
  Anopheline 
  larvae 
  have 
  been 
  found, 
  most 
  commonly 
  those 
  of 
  

   Anopheles 
  kochi 
  ; 
  and 
  as 
  these 
  particular 
  larvae 
  are 
  found 
  so 
  frequently 
  in 
  associa- 
  

   tion 
  with 
  other 
  Anopheline 
  larvae, 
  a 
  further 
  search 
  would 
  probably 
  reveal 
  the 
  

   presence 
  of 
  malaria-carrying 
  species. 
  As 
  pointed 
  out 
  by 
  Dr. 
  Watson, 
  of 
  the 
  

   Federated 
  Malay 
  States, 
  the 
  question 
  of 
  the 
  proximity 
  to 
  estates 
  of 
  jungle 
  or 
  swamp 
  

   is 
  an 
  important 
  one 
  from 
  the 
  point 
  of 
  view 
  of 
  the 
  planter 
  when 
  sites 
  have 
  to 
  be 
  chosen 
  

   for 
  the 
  erection 
  of 
  permanent 
  buildings, 
  and 
  it 
  is 
  essential 
  that 
  all 
  buildings 
  to 
  be 
  

   used 
  as 
  habitations 
  should 
  be 
  placed 
  well 
  within 
  the 
  planted 
  area, 
  where 
  drainage 
  is 
  

   generally 
  good 
  and 
  properly 
  maintained. 
  

  

  In 
  the 
  experience 
  of 
  the 
  writer 
  no 
  better 
  example 
  of 
  this 
  could 
  be 
  found 
  than 
  on 
  

   Estate 
  (A), 
  where 
  many 
  of 
  the 
  coolies 
  were 
  housed 
  within 
  a 
  few 
  feet 
  of 
  the 
  large 
  

   Membakut 
  swamp. 
  Malaria 
  was 
  very 
  prevalent, 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  season 
  occurred 
  almost 
  

   as 
  an 
  epidemic. 
  The 
  number 
  of 
  cases 
  coming 
  from 
  these 
  lines 
  was 
  three 
  times 
  as 
  

   many 
  as 
  those 
  coming 
  from 
  lines 
  situated 
  on 
  another 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  estate 
  a 
  long 
  distance 
  

   from 
  jungle 
  or 
  swamp. 
  From 
  the 
  foregoing 
  account 
  it 
  will 
  be 
  seen 
  that 
  the 
  spleen 
  

   rate 
  of 
  an 
  estate 
  coolie 
  force 
  corresponds 
  to 
  some 
  extent 
  to 
  the 
  spleen 
  rate 
  of 
  the 
  

   neighbouring 
  village, 
  and 
  the 
  amount 
  of 
  malaria 
  to 
  the 
  proximity 
  of 
  swamp-breeding 
  

   malaria-carrying 
  mosquitos. 
  

  

  My 
  reason 
  for 
  going 
  into 
  a 
  good 
  deal 
  of 
  detail 
  with 
  regard 
  to 
  the 
  general 
  conditions 
  

   of 
  this 
  small 
  area 
  of 
  Borneo 
  is 
  that 
  I 
  believe 
  this 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  world 
  to 
  be 
  little 
  known 
  

   in 
  medicine. 
  

  

  The 
  following 
  is 
  a 
  list 
  of 
  the 
  species 
  found, 
  and 
  under 
  each 
  I 
  have 
  mentioned 
  as 
  

   many 
  points 
  as 
  to 
  breeding 
  grounds, 
  habits 
  and 
  occurrence 
  of 
  malaria 
  as 
  I 
  have 
  been 
  

   able 
  to 
  collect. 
  In 
  most 
  cases 
  the 
  adults 
  have 
  been 
  taken, 
  but 
  a 
  good 
  many 
  speci- 
  

   mens 
  have 
  been 
  bred 
  from 
  larvae. 
  No 
  great 
  attention 
  was 
  paid 
  to 
  the 
  characters 
  

   of 
  the 
  larvae, 
  but 
  a 
  note 
  was 
  generally 
  made 
  as 
  to 
  the 
  kind 
  of 
  water 
  in 
  which 
  they 
  

   were 
  found 
  and 
  associated 
  conditions. 
  In 
  every 
  case 
  the 
  specimen 
  has 
  been 
  either 
  

   compared 
  with 
  the 
  type, 
  when 
  obtainable, 
  or 
  with 
  the 
  original 
  description. 
  

  

  The 
  new 
  species 
  has 
  been 
  compared 
  in 
  tabular 
  form 
  with 
  all 
  the 
  known 
  species 
  

   without 
  spots 
  on 
  the 
  wings, 
  except 
  the 
  American 
  forms. 
  In 
  order 
  to 
  facilitate 
  

   reference 
  all 
  the 
  synonyms 
  of 
  the 
  other 
  species 
  have 
  been 
  mentioned. 
  

  

  A 
  map 
  and 
  rough 
  plan 
  are 
  appended. 
  The 
  map 
  (Map 
  III) 
  shows 
  the 
  general 
  distri- 
  

   bution 
  of 
  the 
  species 
  along 
  this 
  strip 
  of 
  coast, 
  and 
  the 
  rough 
  plan 
  (Map 
  IV) 
  shows 
  

   the 
  local 
  distribution 
  around 
  estate 
  (A). 
  

  

  