Manchester Memoirs, Vol. Ix. (191 6), No. 8. 19 



An analogous idea is expressed in a beautiful Chiriquian 

 gold casting of two human figures with elbows touching 

 and holding to their mouths something that resembles a 

 conch-shell or a fish. 76 



Robert Brown relates that the descendants of the 

 Incas, in Peru, under the rule of Francesco de Toledo, in 

 1568, held periodical festivals in memory of their beloved 

 sovereigns, when plays were enacted and mournful music 

 produced from the national instruments, drums, trumpets, 

 clarions, and putatus, or sea shells. 77 



According to von Martens, 78 the Jesuit priest Arriaga, 

 at the beginning of the 17th century, also describes the 

 use of shell-trumpets in Peru, and in the Bolivar collection 

 of the Berlin Ethnographical Museum there is a pre- 

 Columbian trumpet made of S trombus galeatus. 



The Portuguese writer, Suarez de Sousa, in 1589, and 

 Marcgrave, about 1640, report on the use of trumpets in 

 Brazil, made probably of Strombus goliath?* 



In a paper on the ruins in Casa Grande, in Southern 

 Arizona, 80 J. W. Fewkes states: "Among the more numerous 

 marine shells which were found in Compound B of the 

 Casa Grande group of ruins are many large conchs, the 

 points of the spires of nearly all of which were ground off 

 and perforated as if for trumpets. Judging from known 

 ceremonies of the Hopi, it is highly probable that these 

 trumpets were used in dramatic celebrations in which 

 effigies of the great serpent were introduced, the priest 

 using the instruments to imitate the supposed roar of this 

 animal. More than a dozen complete specimens, and 

 many fragments of conch shells that may have been parts 



7e Ibid. pp. 185. 209, and pi. xlix., fig. A. 



77 "Races of Mankind," i., N.D., p. 316. 



78 Von Mar lens, op. cit., p. 485. 



79 Ibid. p. 485. 



80 28th Ann. kept. Bnreatc of A mer. Ethnology, 1912, pp. 144 — 5. 



