Manchester Memoirs, Vol. Ix. (191 6), No. 13. 



XIII. The Use of Cowry-shells for the Purposes 01 

 Currency, Amulets, and Charms. 



By J. Wilfrid Jackson, F.G.S., 



Manchester Museum. 



Hon. Librarian of the Conchological Society of Great Britain and 

 Ireland. 



(Communicated by Professor G. Elliot Smith, MA., M.D., RR.S.) 

 ( Read April 4th, 19 16. Received for fublicalion October 4th, 19 16.) 



Of the many varieties of shells used for currency and 

 as amulets, by far the most familiar and extensively em- 

 ployed are the cowries, especially the money-cowry 

 (Cyprcza moneta) and the ring-cowry (Cyprcea annulus). 

 {Fig. 1, A & B) The small size, shape, and substance of the 

 latter renders them peculiarly adapted for use as money, 

 and no other species of shell or form of shell-money has had 

 so wide-spread and general use. They are distinguished by 

 the fact that they can be and are used in a natural state, 

 most other forms of shell-money being made from portions 

 of larger species. Though known to science under two dis- 

 tinct names, the difference between the two forms is so 

 slight that by some authorities they are considered as 

 merely the extremes of one variable mollusc. 1 Both forms 

 are inhabitants of Indo-Pacific seas, and the specimens- 

 used as currency are derived mainly from the Persian 

 Gulf, Maldive Islands, Ceylon, the Malabar Coast, the 

 Sooloo Islands (between the Philippines and Borneo), and 

 other East Indian Islands ; also from various parts of the 



1 Melvill and Standen, fount, of Conchology, ix., 1899, p. 236 ; S. R. 

 Roberts, " Monograph of the Family Cypraeidcie," in Tryon's " Manual of 

 Conchology," vol. vii., 1885, p. 179. 



November joth, 1916. 



