12 JACKSON, Use of Cowry-shells for Currency, Amulets, etc. 



not given. In the same footnote mention is made of the 

 discovery of a large Cypres a in an old German grave at 

 Entibiihl, and of an Indian Ocean Ttitoniumf 1 filled with 

 worked flints at Brunswick. 



A further discovery of a shell from the Indian Ocean, 

 Ovulum ovum, closely akin to the cowries, was made in a 

 Gothlandic tomb. This specimen had a hole at one end 

 in which was still fixed a little ring of bronze wire. 32 



In Crete, black cowries, probably dark forms of 

 Cyprcea pantherina, were found in excavating the rooms 

 of Mycenaean houses. 33 



In a paper on " Cave Explorations at Gibraltar in 

 September, 1910," 34 Dr. W. L. H. Duckworth records the 

 discovery of a Mediterranean cowry, Cyprcea pyrum, in 

 excavating Cave S. The specimen is remarkable on 

 account of an artificial perforation at one end, as if for 

 suspension as an amulet. On the evidence of the human 

 remains and the pottery found, the cave is assigned to 

 the Neolithic period. In the same cave were found 

 specimens of Purpura hcemastoma with the apical parts 

 fractured in a curious manner, suggesting that the mollusc 

 had been used for the preparation of its distinctive 

 product, the Tyrian Purple. 3 ' 3 



A perforated specimen of C)ptcea pyrum is recorded 

 by Lartet and Christy 3J from La Madelaine cave, Perigord, 

 along with other perforated shells and teeth of animals, 

 but in this case the cowry is said to be a fossil, probably 



31 ? Triton, the shell employed as a trumpet in many places. 



32 Hans Ilildebrand. " The Industrial Arts of Scandinavia," (South 

 Kensington Museum Art Handbook), 18S2, p. 40. 



U1 Ann. Brit. Sch. Athens, ix. (1902-3), pp. 291 and 335. 



34 Joum. Roy. Anthrcp. Inst., xli., 191 1, p. 362, pi. xl., fig. 4, 5. 



35 See my paper on this subject in J/anc/i. Memoirs {Lit. ^rPhil. Soc), 

 lx. (1916), No. 7. 



30 " Reliquiae Aquitanica.-," London, 1S75, P- 4§ (Description of the 

 Mates), pi. v., fig. 15. 



