﻿Vol. 
  53.] 
  GLACIAL 
  DEPOSITS 
  OF 
  THE 
  VARAXGER 
  EIOED. 
  149 
  

  

  fiords 
  and 
  shallower 
  parts 
  not 
  to 
  a 
  sufficient 
  extent 
  for 
  the 
  trans- 
  

   port 
  of 
  large 
  blocks. 
  

  

  The 
  numerous 
  ravines 
  which 
  are 
  being 
  cut 
  by 
  streams 
  through 
  

   the 
  raised 
  beaches 
  show 
  nothing 
  but 
  sand 
  and 
  shingle 
  roughly 
  

   stratified 
  ; 
  but 
  the 
  surface 
  of 
  the 
  beach, 
  and 
  more 
  especially 
  the 
  top 
  

   and 
  landward 
  side, 
  is 
  generally 
  overspread 
  by 
  angular 
  fragments. 
  

   This 
  is 
  partly 
  due 
  to 
  the 
  splitting 
  of 
  the 
  pebbles 
  by 
  frost, 
  but 
  more 
  

   to 
  the 
  interruption 
  of 
  the 
  process 
  of 
  shingle-making 
  by 
  the 
  rising 
  of 
  

   the 
  land. 
  A 
  beach 
  formed 
  on 
  a 
  subsiding 
  shore 
  is 
  rolled 
  over 
  and 
  

   over 
  upon 
  itself, 
  and 
  every 
  part 
  of 
  it 
  in 
  turn 
  is 
  brought 
  under 
  the 
  

   action 
  of 
  the 
  waves. 
  On 
  a 
  rising 
  coast, 
  on 
  the 
  other 
  hand, 
  the 
  

   angular 
  land-debris 
  which 
  forms 
  the 
  raw 
  materia], 
  though 
  it 
  may 
  

   be 
  piled 
  up 
  in 
  a 
  characteristic 
  beach-ridge, 
  escapes 
  being 
  turned 
  

   over 
  and 
  over, 
  if 
  the 
  land 
  by 
  reason 
  of 
  its 
  movement 
  is 
  gaining 
  

   upon 
  the 
  sea. 
  Marine 
  organisms 
  have 
  been 
  recorded 
  by 
  Col. 
  Feilden 
  

   and 
  others 
  in 
  the 
  beaches 
  at 
  about 
  50 
  feet 
  above 
  the 
  sea 
  in 
  

   this 
  neighbourhood, 
  1 
  but 
  I 
  could 
  find 
  neither 
  shells 
  nor 
  bones 
  at 
  

   the 
  higher 
  levels, 
  all 
  presumably 
  having 
  perished 
  in 
  so 
  porous 
  a 
  

   matrix. 
  

  

  We 
  attempted 
  more 
  than 
  once 
  to 
  count 
  the 
  beaches, 
  but 
  always 
  

   unsuccessfully. 
  The 
  difficulty 
  arose 
  from 
  the 
  multitude 
  of 
  small 
  

   subsidiary 
  terraces 
  like 
  tide-marks. 
  Here 
  and 
  there, 
  and 
  notably 
  

   north 
  of 
  Karlbotn, 
  we 
  walked 
  over 
  what 
  had 
  obviously 
  been 
  a 
  

   gravelly 
  spit 
  jutting 
  out 
  into 
  the 
  fiord. 
  On 
  the 
  shelving 
  surface 
  of 
  

   such 
  spits 
  these 
  small 
  terraces 
  occurred 
  in 
  great 
  numbers, 
  spacing 
  

   themselves 
  out 
  in 
  a 
  series 
  of 
  nearly 
  concentric 
  arcs 
  on 
  the 
  shoal, 
  but 
  

   merging 
  one 
  into 
  the 
  other 
  on 
  either 
  side 
  of 
  it. 
  If 
  it 
  could 
  be 
  proved 
  

   that 
  each 
  terrace 
  marks 
  the 
  lapse 
  of 
  one 
  year, 
  the 
  rate 
  of 
  elevation 
  

   of 
  the 
  land 
  could 
  be 
  determined 
  at 
  once. 
  The 
  calculation 
  would 
  

   probably 
  show 
  a 
  rate 
  of 
  1 
  or 
  2 
  inches 
  a 
  year, 
  but 
  I 
  had 
  no 
  means 
  

   of 
  determining 
  the 
  exact 
  gradient. 
  On 
  the 
  other 
  hand, 
  these 
  sub- 
  

   ordinate 
  terraces 
  may 
  be 
  merely 
  storm-beaches, 
  as 
  suggested 
  by 
  

   Dr. 
  Reusch, 
  though 
  it 
  must 
  be 
  noted 
  that 
  they 
  are 
  remarkably 
  equal 
  

   and 
  regularly 
  spaced 
  to 
  have 
  originated 
  in 
  such 
  a 
  manner. 
  

  

  The 
  deposits 
  of 
  sand 
  and 
  shingle 
  referred 
  to 
  above 
  occur 
  where 
  

   the 
  fiord 
  is 
  broad 
  and 
  open, 
  but 
  a 
  different 
  type 
  sets 
  in 
  towards 
  

   the 
  head. 
  Within 
  a 
  mile 
  of 
  Nyborg 
  the 
  Yaranger 
  Fiord 
  terminates 
  

   in 
  a 
  low 
  marshy 
  tract. 
  No 
  large 
  river 
  enters 
  it, 
  and 
  there 
  is 
  little 
  

   current 
  beyond 
  what 
  is 
  due 
  to 
  the 
  slight 
  rise 
  and 
  fall 
  of 
  the 
  tide. 
  

   The 
  deposit 
  now 
  forming 
  between 
  tide-marks 
  is 
  a 
  blue 
  mud, 
  over 
  

   which 
  are 
  scattered 
  many 
  loose 
  stones, 
  none 
  of 
  large 
  size. 
  On 
  

   searching 
  for 
  the 
  raised 
  beaches, 
  I 
  found 
  a 
  similar 
  blue 
  mud, 
  alsa 
  

   containing 
  stones, 
  and 
  irregularly 
  mixed 
  with 
  sand 
  and 
  shingle. 
  

   Near 
  Karlbotn 
  also, 
  where 
  the 
  fiord 
  is 
  of 
  the 
  same 
  character, 
  part 
  

   of 
  the 
  raised 
  beach-material 
  consisted 
  of 
  blue 
  clay, 
  which, 
  however, 
  

   gave 
  place 
  to 
  sand 
  and 
  shingle 
  at 
  the 
  village. 
  The 
  appearance 
  of 
  

   the 
  clay 
  with 
  its 
  included 
  stones, 
  many 
  of 
  which, 
  moreover, 
  showed 
  

  

  1 
  Quart. 
  Journ. 
  Geo!. 
  Soc. 
  vol. 
  lii. 
  (1896) 
  p. 
  724. 
  

  

  