﻿Vol. 
  53.J 
  GLACIAL 
  DEPOSITS 
  OF 
  THE 
  VARANGER 
  FIORD. 
  153 
  

  

  the 
  striae 
  on 
  the 
  shore 
  of 
  Yadso 
  Island 
  look 
  remarkably 
  fresh. 
  

   Their 
  powers 
  of 
  survival, 
  however, 
  are 
  vouched 
  for 
  by 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  

   they 
  are 
  exposed 
  to 
  the 
  wash 
  of 
  every 
  tide 
  and 
  the 
  traffic 
  of 
  men 
  

   and 
  boats, 
  but 
  have 
  suffered 
  no 
  injury. 
  Occurring 
  as 
  they 
  do, 
  

   moreover, 
  at 
  the 
  present 
  sea-level, 
  they 
  would 
  be 
  contemporaneous 
  

   with 
  the 
  lowest 
  beach 
  — 
  namely, 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  present 
  day. 
  This, 
  in 
  

   view 
  of 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  the 
  upward 
  movement 
  of 
  the 
  land 
  is 
  still 
  

   proceeding, 
  amounts 
  to 
  saying 
  that 
  the 
  glaciation 
  should 
  now 
  be 
  

   taking 
  place. 
  So 
  far 
  as 
  the 
  Varanger 
  Fiord 
  is 
  concerned, 
  this 
  is 
  not 
  

   the 
  case. 
  

  

  The 
  glaciation 
  of 
  the 
  fiord 
  seemed, 
  so 
  far 
  as 
  my 
  limited 
  obser- 
  

   vation 
  went, 
  to 
  be 
  the 
  work 
  of 
  floating 
  ice 
  rather 
  than 
  of 
  an 
  ice- 
  

   sheet, 
  and 
  it 
  was 
  with 
  great 
  interest 
  that 
  I 
  read, 
  on 
  my 
  return, 
  

   Col. 
  Feilden's 
  graphic 
  description 
  of 
  the 
  behaviour 
  of 
  drifting 
  pack- 
  

   ice 
  in 
  such 
  a 
  situation. 
  I 
  drew 
  this 
  inference 
  from 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  the 
  

   glaciation, 
  though 
  so 
  well 
  marked 
  along 
  the 
  fiord, 
  was 
  inconspicuous, 
  

   if 
  it 
  existed 
  at 
  all, 
  on 
  the 
  moorlands 
  a 
  few 
  hundred 
  feet 
  above 
  it. 
  

   Without 
  a 
  far 
  more 
  extended 
  experience 
  I 
  could 
  not 
  say 
  that 
  it 
  was 
  

   absent, 
  but 
  the 
  scarps 
  of 
  hard 
  sandstone 
  which 
  I 
  examined 
  near 
  

   Yadso, 
  at 
  a 
  height 
  of 
  400 
  to 
  600 
  feet 
  above 
  the 
  sea, 
  showed 
  no 
  

   signs 
  of 
  having 
  been 
  crossed 
  by 
  ice, 
  while 
  the 
  same 
  rock 
  between 
  

   Karlbotn 
  and 
  Nyborg, 
  up 
  to 
  a 
  height 
  of 
  about 
  400 
  feet, 
  was 
  smoothed 
  

   and 
  scored 
  all 
  over. 
  These 
  observations 
  indicate 
  that 
  the 
  glacia- 
  

   tion 
  was 
  due 
  either 
  to 
  a 
  Varanger 
  glacier 
  or 
  to 
  ice 
  drifting 
  down 
  

   the 
  fiord 
  when 
  the 
  land 
  stood 
  at 
  a 
  lower 
  level. 
  I 
  have 
  already 
  

   mentioned 
  that 
  when 
  the 
  land 
  stood 
  at 
  the 
  level 
  indicated 
  by 
  the 
  

   highest 
  raised 
  beach 
  there 
  was 
  a 
  communication 
  between 
  the 
  

   Varanger 
  Fiord 
  and 
  the 
  Tana 
  Valley, 
  and 
  so 
  with 
  the 
  Tana 
  Fiord. 
  

   The 
  tide 
  must 
  then 
  have 
  had 
  a 
  free 
  run 
  round 
  a 
  large 
  tract 
  of 
  

   Norse 
  Lapland, 
  and 
  penetrated 
  many 
  valleys 
  which 
  are 
  now 
  high 
  

   and 
  dry. 
  On 
  the 
  supposition 
  that 
  the 
  striation 
  was 
  effected 
  by 
  

   floating 
  ice, 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  the 
  striation 
  of 
  the 
  rocks 
  near 
  Karlbotn 
  

   extends 
  nearly 
  140 
  feet 
  above 
  the 
  level 
  of 
  the 
  highest 
  beach, 
  indi- 
  

   cates 
  that 
  the 
  land 
  stood 
  at 
  a 
  still 
  lower 
  level 
  during 
  the 
  Glacial 
  

   Period 
  than 
  subsequently 
  when 
  the 
  beaches 
  were 
  formed. 
  However 
  

   this 
  may 
  have 
  been, 
  there 
  can 
  be 
  no 
  doubt 
  that, 
  even 
  when 
  the 
  

   land 
  was 
  235 
  feet 
  lower 
  than 
  at 
  present, 
  the 
  conditions 
  prevailing 
  

   in 
  the 
  Varanger 
  Fiord 
  would 
  not 
  only 
  have 
  allowed 
  of 
  the 
  formation 
  

   of 
  a 
  considerable 
  quantity 
  of 
  ice, 
  but 
  would 
  have 
  admitted 
  of 
  a 
  

   current 
  to 
  move 
  it. 
  

  

  Discussion 
  (on 
  the 
  two 
  preceding 
  papers). 
  

  

  The 
  President 
  remarked 
  that 
  the 
  first 
  paper 
  was 
  of 
  unusual 
  

   interest 
  to 
  him, 
  for 
  so 
  long 
  ago 
  as 
  1876 
  he 
  had 
  argued 
  that 
  it 
  

   seemed 
  impossible 
  to 
  conceive 
  that 
  the 
  thick 
  breccias 
  and 
  the 
  large 
  

   boulders 
  so 
  abundant 
  at 
  the 
  base 
  of 
  the 
  Cambrian 
  conglomerates 
  in 
  

   Wales 
  could 
  have 
  accumulated, 
  unless 
  the 
  pre-Cambrian 
  land 
  had 
  

   suffered 
  greatly 
  from 
  subaerial 
  influences, 
  including 
  those 
  of 
  ice 
  and 
  

   snow. 
  W 
  T 
  hen 
  he 
  visited 
  the 
  North-western 
  Highlands 
  in 
  1878 
  

   he 
  felt 
  equally 
  convinced 
  that 
  the 
  breccias 
  at 
  the 
  base 
  of 
  the 
  

  

  Q. 
  J. 
  G. 
  S. 
  No. 
  210. 
  M 
  

  

  