﻿432 
  ME. 
  E. 
  P. 
  EICHAEDS 
  ON 
  THE 
  GRAVELS 
  AND 
  [Allg. 
  1 
  897. 
  

  

  I 
  found 
  numerous 
  flint-implements 
  in 
  the 
  peat, 
  including 
  one 
  

   axe-like 
  instrument, 
  many 
  scrapers, 
  knives, 
  and 
  needle-like 
  flints, 
  

   together 
  with 
  wasters 
  in 
  abundance. 
  Traces 
  of 
  fire 
  were 
  frequent 
  

   in 
  calcined 
  flints 
  and 
  quantities 
  of 
  charcoal-fragments. 
  Nearly 
  all 
  

   the 
  marrow-bones 
  of 
  the 
  animals 
  were 
  split 
  longitudinally. 
  Many 
  

   of 
  the 
  flints 
  were 
  quite 
  unused, 
  and 
  their 
  fine 
  keen 
  edges 
  distinctly 
  

   indicated 
  that 
  they 
  had 
  been 
  made 
  where 
  found. 
  

  

  The 
  freshwater 
  marl, 
  composed 
  of 
  land 
  and 
  freshwater 
  shells, 
  

   attains 
  its 
  greatest 
  thickness, 
  8 
  feet, 
  in 
  Market 
  Street. 
  Here, 
  as 
  

   elsewhere, 
  it 
  is 
  very 
  loose 
  and 
  friable. 
  1 
  It 
  is 
  always 
  white 
  or 
  

   greyish 
  in 
  colour. 
  

  

  A 
  list 
  of 
  shells 
  has 
  been 
  very 
  kindly 
  supplied 
  by 
  Mr. 
  B. 
  B. 
  "Wood- 
  

   ward, 
  F.G.S. 
  (See 
  Appendix 
  II, 
  p. 
  434.) 
  

  

  Mr. 
  Woodward 
  considers 
  the 
  series 
  to 
  indicate 
  a 
  climate 
  similar 
  

   to 
  our 
  own, 
  adding, 
  however, 
  — 
  ' 
  A 
  more 
  extended 
  list 
  might, 
  of 
  

   course, 
  furnish 
  other 
  data.' 
  

  

  I 
  obtained 
  also 
  remains 
  of 
  the 
  following 
  animals 
  : 
  — 
  Equus 
  caballus. 
  

   Oervus 
  elaphus, 
  and 
  Capreolus 
  caprea. 
  These 
  always 
  occurred 
  in 
  

   groups, 
  parts 
  of 
  single 
  skeletons 
  being 
  dug 
  out 
  bone 
  by 
  bone, 
  and 
  

   always 
  quite 
  unrolled. 
  In 
  the 
  peat 
  the 
  bones 
  were 
  scattered. 
  

  

  Before 
  leaving 
  this 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  subject 
  it 
  should 
  be 
  mentioned 
  

   that 
  we 
  unearthed 
  a 
  pile-dwelling 
  opposite, 
  if 
  not 
  partly 
  under, 
  the 
  

   ' 
  Coopers' 
  Arms 
  ' 
  in 
  Bartholomew 
  Street, 
  a 
  few 
  hundred 
  yards 
  south 
  

   of 
  Newbury 
  Bridge, 
  about 
  6 
  or 
  7 
  feet 
  under 
  the 
  roadway. 
  It 
  was 
  

   constructed 
  of 
  fir-piles, 
  about 
  6 
  inches 
  in 
  diameter, 
  driven 
  into 
  the 
  

   peat, 
  and 
  with 
  numerous 
  parallel 
  timbers 
  crossing 
  the 
  pile-tops 
  ; 
  the 
  

   surface 
  of 
  the 
  platform 
  was 
  at 
  the 
  surface 
  of 
  the 
  peat. 
  We 
  exposed 
  

   only 
  a 
  very 
  small 
  portion 
  of 
  this 
  structure, 
  and 
  I 
  was 
  unable 
  to 
  find 
  

   the 
  method 
  of 
  affixing 
  the 
  horizontal 
  timbers 
  to 
  the 
  piles. 
  They 
  

   must 
  have 
  been 
  fixed, 
  otherwise 
  when 
  the 
  lake 
  covered 
  them 
  they 
  

   would 
  have 
  floated, 
  for 
  the 
  marl 
  covers 
  the 
  platform. 
  

  

  Just 
  above 
  the 
  shell-marl 
  and 
  peat 
  in 
  Northbrook 
  Street 
  and 
  

   elsewhere 
  is 
  a 
  black 
  abraded 
  gravel 
  (see 
  fig. 
  7, 
  p. 
  431), 
  consisting 
  of 
  

   old 
  layers 
  of 
  road-metal. 
  The 
  lowest 
  are 
  probably 
  of 
  Roman 
  age 
  ; 
  

   the 
  upper 
  portions 
  are 
  mediaeval 
  ; 
  the 
  maximum 
  thickness 
  is 
  about 
  

   7 
  feet. 
  The 
  whole 
  has 
  been 
  blackened 
  by 
  ancient 
  sewage. 
  On 
  the 
  

   top 
  of 
  this 
  is 
  the 
  modern 
  ' 
  macadam 
  ' 
  ; 
  18 
  inches 
  beneath 
  the 
  pre- 
  

   sent 
  road-surface 
  cannon-balls 
  and 
  weapons 
  of 
  the 
  17th 
  century 
  

   were 
  discovered. 
  

  

  Prof. 
  T. 
  Rupert 
  Jones, 
  F.R.S., 
  has 
  very 
  kindly 
  given 
  me 
  his 
  

   valuable 
  advice 
  and 
  useful 
  help 
  in 
  finding 
  references 
  and 
  in 
  making 
  

   notes 
  upon 
  some 
  important 
  particulars. 
  See 
  Appendix 
  I. 
  

  

  1 
  [Hard, 
  ovoidal, 
  concretionary 
  nodules 
  of 
  the 
  marl 
  have 
  been 
  noticed 
  in 
  this 
  

   deposit 
  at 
  and 
  near 
  Newbury, 
  and 
  close 
  to 
  the 
  Thames 
  at 
  Old 
  Windsor, 
  Berks. 
  

   — 
  T. 
  R. 
  J.] 
  

  

  