364 MISCELLANEA. 



the absence of any artificial instrument, and of the remains of 

 those former denizens of England, the Hyxna and Cave-beai\ 

 found in the Yorkshire and Devonshire Caves, and its occupation 

 by those still existing, or existing within the century in some 

 part of the British islands, would seem to imply that a long 

 period back is not required to explain all the appearances exist- 

 ing in these Caves. 



Raised Sea-Beach. — In the railway cutting about forty feet 

 below the level of the Cave, a most interesting section of the 

 liaised Beach is exposed. The railway xuns nearly along the 

 one hundred feet contour lino above the present sea-level. The 

 section shews about nine inches of cultivated or formerly culti- 

 vated soil resting upon a reddish clay in which occur pieces of 

 angular chalk-flints and rounded pebbles of pure white quartz. 

 For want of a better name, '* Scandinavian Drift" has been ap- 

 plied to this deposit, which is much newer than the true Boulder- 

 clay, and has been deposited under somewhat dilferent physical 

 circumstances. In this locality, as at the Trow Rocks near 

 Shields, it rests upon sea-formed gi-avel or the rock-head, and is 

 as a consequence newer than the gravel it rests on. In some 

 parts of the cutting the gravel was of considerable thickness and 

 shews partial beddiug of tlie materials, which are chiefly com- 

 posed of limestone from the neighbouring cliff intermixed with a 

 few pebbles derived from the older Boulder-clay wliich had, as 

 must be inferred from tlie numerous remains of Trap and Car- 

 boniferous-limestone boulders resting on the rock-liead, formerly 

 covered the whole surface. 



Tlie gravel rests on sea-wom rocks citlier loose or in situ, 

 which present much the same appearance as those on the sea- 

 shore of the present coast-line. Furtlier to the south along the 

 line of railway, washings of sand and day take the place of the 

 gravel. No shells or traces of organisms have yet been observed 

 in the gravel at Marsden, but in a corresponding deposit of gravel 

 at the Trow Hocks near Shields, broken fragments of Cypritia 

 hlandicay Tellina proxivia, etc., were collected several years ago. 



It has long been well known that the village of Cleadon, at a 



