142 ME. J. B. SCEIYENOE ON [June 191 2, 



range of the Peninsula, composed of granite, while in the south- 

 eastern corner a part of Bujang Malaka, a huge mass of granite that 

 juts out from the main range into the Kinta Valley, is seen also. A 

 little beyond the centre of the map is abroad transverse tract of low 

 rolling hills, which become steeper as they approach the granite of 

 the main range. North of this belt and south of it is a tract of low- 

 lying ground drained on the north by the rivers Tekka and Eaia, 

 on the south by the rivers Gopeng, Jeluntoh, and Kampar. Beyond 

 these tracts of low ground on each side are magnificent limestone 

 hills, among which Lanno (1332 feet) on the north, and Tempurong 

 (I27O feet) on the south, are prominent. If, therefore, we were 

 able to pass over the country shown on the map at an altitude of 

 2000 feet, starting from Sungei Siput village and ending at Pulai, 

 we should first see below us the mass of Gunong Tempurong, having 

 Bujang Malaka behind us and the main range on our right. Then, 

 from the northern end of Gunong Tempurong as far as Gopeng, we 

 should pass over low-lying land diversified by two limestone hills 

 of considerable size, Meusah and Kundoh. Continuing over Gopeng 

 we should see below and stretching far away to the left the range 

 of low rolling hills, and would steer for the gap between Lanno and 

 Koban as we passed over the lowland on the north, with the 

 limestone hills Puah and Pipit rising from it. Ouce over the white 

 cliflfs of Lanno and Koban, Pulai would become visible, lying in a 

 hollow shut in by high limestone bluflPs and granite hills, probably 

 the hottest settlement in the Malay States, and northwards the 

 limestone hills would be seen to continue as a well-marked range 

 for many miles. 



Two points would impress one particularly after this journey : — 

 (1) that there is a kind of symmetry in the features of the country 

 about the low Gopeng hills ; and (2) it would also be evident that 

 this transverse range marks a sudden break in the limestone hills, 

 which are continued southwards in Gunong Tempurong. This 

 break can be seen well by anyone standing on some of the land 

 belonging to the Tekka Mines, owing to the fact that the trans- 

 verse hills are much lower than the limestone blufiPs : so that, when 

 the observer is looking southwards, the tops of the Tempurong mass 

 are visible over them, while immediately behind are the cliffs of 

 Xoban and Lanno. The length of this gap in the limestone range 

 is approximately 6j miles. 



Briefly, the structure of the features enumerated above is as 

 follows : — The granite is part of the granite believed to be of late 

 Mesozoic age,^ and will be referred to in this paper as the 

 Mesozoic granite. The limestone, which is all crystalline, is 

 part of the large calcareous series that forms the oldest-known 

 rocks in situ in the Peninsula, and is probably Carboniferous. 

 The higher portion of the transverse hills is composed of phyllites, 

 with thin beds of quartzite and schistose quartzite. The lower 



^ See ' The Eocks of Pulau Ubin & Pulau Ifanas ' Q. J. G. S. vol. Ixvi (1910) 

 pp. 420-34. 



