154 MR. J. B. SCEITEXOE ON [JuDG I912, 



Information lately obtained shows that, if the western cliffs of 

 the limestone hills north of Lanno are followed up beyond the 

 limits of the map (which can be easily done, because the trunk-road 

 skirts the cliffs for about 4 miles before reaching Ipoh, the chief 

 town of Kinta), it will be found that the Gopeng Beds persist, 

 faulted down on the west against the limestone, and that there are 

 more limestone hills towards the centre of the Kinta Valley. It 

 appears, then, that this is an area of complicated fracture; but, in 

 order to understand fully what has taken place, we must cross the 

 main range of the Peninsula and enter Pahang, where we shall 

 find information concerning the arrangement of the beds immediately 

 prior to the intrusion of the granite. 



On descending from the granite hills on the Pahang side of the 

 main range, hornblende-schists, limestone, and calcareous shales 

 are encountered. Continuing, a belt of shale, sandstone, and 

 conglomerate is crossed, and then one enters a broad tract of 

 limestone, calcareous shales, and associated volcanic rocks in a 

 much less disturbed condition than the limestone in Kinta, and 

 capped by outcrops of sandstone, shale, and conglomerate agreeing 

 in petrological characteristics with the belt just referred to. IS'ow 

 fossils have been found both in the shallow-water and in the calca- 

 reous rocks, such as to show that the latter are Carboniferous or 

 Permo-Carbouiferous, and that the shallow-water deposits are dis- 

 tinctly younger. So far no trace of an extension of the Gopeng Beds 

 has been seen in Pahang, and it is of course possible that they never 

 extended so far. But, taking into consideration the fact that the 

 main range forms the backbone of the Peninsula, the similarity of 

 the limestone on either side of it, and the smallness of the country 

 considered as a geological area, it is permissible to conclude that 

 the limestone beds on either side of the granite axis are of the 

 same age and were once continuous ; that the same conclusion 

 applies to the Gopeng quartzites and phyllites and some part of 

 the Pahang shallow-water deposits ; and that we are dealing in the 

 Gopeng area with part of a shattered anticlinorium. 



To take this proposition in detail : before the granite rose to its 

 present position relative to the other rocks, the quartzites and 

 phyllites, the Gopeng Beds, and the limestone, while deep down in 

 the earth's crust, were folded by lateral forces into a broad 

 anticlinorium. Further stress brought about fracture of this anti- 

 clinorium, and masses fell away into the granite magma beneath. 

 Thus we may take the present granite junction in the Gopeng area 

 as the line of the main fracture. East of this line the whole mass 

 of limestone, clays, quartzites, and phyllites fell bodily, and sank 

 into the magma : with the exception of the patches of phyllites, 

 mentioned before as lying against the limestone, and the island 

 of quartzites and phyllites on the Sungei Buloh. AVest of the 

 main fracture the crust was broken up by irregularly outlined 

 faults that determined then what would be the shape of the lime- 

 stone hills to-day. We do not know to what extent the limestone 

 blocks that now form the hills were affected by the faulting, but 



