224 MR. S. H. WAEEEN ON A LATE GLACIAL [June I912, 



horizon of the latter locality necessarily intervening between them, 

 a& is shown in the table of strata. And, further, it is impossible 

 for the Arctic flora of Hoxne to be contemporary with that of 

 Ponder's End. 



Thus (including the evidence of the Chalky Boulder Clay) there 

 are three clearly-proved Arctic stages, separated by 

 intervening temperate epochs, between the Porest Bed 

 and the prehistoric deposits. It is possible that there may 

 be more than this, for the evidence at present available is not 

 sufficient to warrant the suggestion of a completed scheme. The 

 researches of Dr. F. J. Lewis in the j)eat-beds of the Highlands of 

 Scotland and of the North of England ^ have also revealed a series 

 of interbedded Arctic and temperate stages. These continue the 

 alternating climatic changes down to more recent times. 



In the last two columns of the table are placed, for comparison 

 with our English deposits, the schemes adopted by Prof. Penck ^ and 

 Prof. Boule respectively^ These show considerable discordance with 

 each other. It I may express an opinion upon so wide a question, 

 I think that Prof. Boule is, in some respects, nearer the truth than 

 Prof. Penck. Even this scheme, however, does not altogether accord 

 with our English evidence, and there is certainly no place in it for 

 the Ponder's End Stage. The primary difference between these two 

 distinguished authors lies in the placing of the Bissian (the epoch of 

 maximum glaciation). This Prof. Penck places in the Mousterian 

 stage, a position which, in the opinion of Prof. Boule, is an impossible 

 one.^ In this opinion I most certainly concur. 



In summing up the evidence for the correlation of 

 the Ponder's End Stage, all that one can positively 

 assert is that this is post-Mousterian and pre- 

 Neolithic. In weighing the probabilities for a more precise 

 correlation, one has to consider the length of the interval between 

 the Mousterian and Ponder's End Stages, as measured by the 

 valley-erosion which then took place. This amounts to a vertical 

 height of 60 or 70 feet, and must surely represent many successive 

 stages in the evolution of human culture. One must further con- 

 sider the general relationship, over a wide area, of the Palaeolithic 

 drifts to the contorted trail that overlies them. One must also 

 remember the evidence brought forward by Dr. Hicks in his 

 exploration of the caves of IN'orth Wales ^ : although his evidence 

 has not been generally accepted — and he was certainly mistaken 

 at Endsleigh Street, — it does seem to point to the conclusion that the 

 Cave men lived in North Wales before the latest glaciation of that 

 area. 



^ Trans. Eov. Soc. Edin. vol. xli, pt. iii, no. 28 ; vol. xlv (1906) p. 335 ; 

 vol. xlvi (1907) p. 33; vol. xlvii (1911) p. 793. See also Eep. Brit. Assoc. 

 (York) 1906, p. 430 ; and ibid. (Leicester) 1907, p. 410. 



2 A. Penck & E. Bruckner, ' Die Alpen im Eiszeitalter ' 1901-1909. 



^ ' LAntkropologie ' vol. xix (1998) p. 1. Dr. R. R. Schmidt, again, places 

 a continuous glacial phase from the Mousterian to the Lower Magdalenian. 



'^ Q. J. G. S. vol. liv (1898) p. Ixxxiv, where references to previous papers 

 will be found. 



