Vol. 68.] STAGE IN THE YALLET OP THE KIVER LEA. 227 



while to collect the bones of horse and ox, as their date is a matter 

 of great uncertainty. There is no uniform stratigraphical succession 

 over the area, which has been one of shifting river-channels, 

 constantly becoming silted up and re-excavated in new directions. 

 Archaeological remains which I liave found in place in the deposits 

 prove that many parts of the Alluvium belong to the historic 

 period, or even come down to our own day. 



YIII. The Repoets upon the Fauna and Floea of the 

 ApvCtic Bed. 



Appended to this paper are reports by various specialists upon 

 the fauna and flora of the Arctic Bed, and upon the microscopic 

 examination of the sand. My sincere thanks are due to these 

 workers who have so generously supplied me with these valuable 

 results. The labour which they have undertaken, in spite of ail 

 the preliminary assistance that I could give, has in many cases 

 been very arduous. The conclusions at which they have arrived 

 will speak for themselves. It is very gratifying to note that, 

 although arrived at independently, they are in very close agree- 

 ment with each other. 



IX. The Mammalia op the Aeciic Bed and 

 Associated Geavels. 



My search for any remains indicating the presence of man have 

 not been rewarded with success. In fact, I have never yet dis- 

 covered contemporary Palaeolithic implements in the Low-Level 

 gravels of the Lea Yalley. All the implements at present found 

 in these drifts are remanie forms derived from the higher and 

 older terraces in which contemporary implements are abuudant. 



For the determination of the Mammalia I am chiefly iudebted to 

 the kindness of Mr. E. T. Newton, F.R.S. ; Dr. C. W. Andrews, 

 F.E.S., and Dr. A. Smith Woodward, F.E.S., of the British Museum 

 (Natural History), have also given me assistance. The most abundant 

 remains are those of Elephas and Rhinoceros. Tusks and teeth of 

 the former have been found in some abundance, and these belong 

 exclusively to E. primigenius. Some molar teeth of the latter 

 genus that I have found belong to Rh. antiquitatis. Next in 

 abundance to these come the remains oiEquus cahallus. Probably, 

 indeed, Equus is quite as abundant as ElepJias, only its remains 

 being smaller, they are commonly overlooked by the workmen. 

 Remains referable to Bos [or Bisoiij are extremely rare, and are 

 only represented by a single fragment of a vertebra. No spot has 

 yet been found where remains of the smaller mammalia are 

 abundant,^ but one shrew, which is believed to be a new species, 



^ [I have since discovered a bed yielding remains of lemming. See PI, XV 

 and Appendix VII, p. 249.— /S. H. W., June 12th, 1912.] 



