Vol. 6S.'] GLACIATION OP THE BLACK COMBE DISTRICT. 403 



Between 1869 and 1878 several valuable papers ^ dealing with the 

 drifts of North-West Lancashire and parts of Cumberland were 

 contributed by D. Mackintosh to the Geological Societ}^ and the 

 ' Geological Magazine.' Most of his remarks on the Black Combe 

 district are confined to the distribution of the granitic drift, but he 

 also describes a traverse through the Whicham Valley and one ascent 

 of Black Combe. In general, he infers that the drifts were de- 

 posited by the sea and floating ice, though more or less of the clay 

 and loam composing them may have originated as subglacial mud. 



C. E. De Rance,^ while believing more thoroughly in the land-ice 

 glaciatiou, thought that the lower parts of the Lake District were 

 at first under water, and that the Middle Drift Sand required a 

 subsidence of 1400 feet for its formation. The Upper Boulder 

 Clay he considered to be due to ice- foot. On re-emergence of the 

 land, valley-glaciers once more appeared. He makes no particular 

 reference to the Black Combe area. 



Clifton Ward,^ in his paper on ' The Glaciation of the Southern 

 Part of the Lake District,' showed that huge glaciers passed down 

 Eskdale, Wastdale, the head of Duddondale, and southwards over 

 Coniston ; but he carried his observations no farther west or south. 

 He postulated a later submergence of 2000 to 3000 feet, but allowed 

 a re-elevation of the land for a late set of glaciers. 



A manuscript report (cii'ca 1877, preserved in the Ofiice of H.M. 

 Geological Survey) by W. T. Aveline, C. E. De Eance, and Hebert, 

 on Sheets 98 KW. and 99 N.E. (O.S), throws a certain amount of 

 light on the distribution of the glacial deposits in the St. Bees, 

 Scafell, and Coniston directions. 



In a paper on ' Boulder Clay,' published in the ' Transactions of 

 the Cumberland Association' for 1877-78 (pt. iii, pp. 91-108), 

 C. Smith discusses the origin of the Cumberland drifts. 



Two papers * by Mr. J. D. Kendall, on the boulders and glacial 

 deposits of West Cumberland, were published shortly afterwards. 

 Like Mackintosh (to whose work he makes no reference), he attri- 



^ 1. * On the Correlation, Nature, & Origin of the Drifts of North-West 

 Lancashire & Part of Cumberland, with Remarks on Denudation ' Q. J. G. S. 

 \-oL XXV (1869) pp. 407-31 ; 2. ' On the Dispersion of Oriffell Granite & Cald- 

 beck Porphyry over the Plain of Cumberland ' GeoL Mag. vol. vii (1870) pp. 564- 

 68 ; 3. ' On the Drifts of the West & South Borders of the Lake District, & on the 

 Three Great Granitic Dispersions' Ibid. vol. viii (1871) pp. 250-56, 303-12; 

 4. ' Observations on the More Remarkable Boulders of the North- West of 

 England & the Welsh Borders' Q. J. G. S. vol. xxix (1873) pp. 351-59 ; 5. ' On 

 the Traces of a Great Ice-Sheet in the Southern Part of the Lake District & in 

 North WaXes' Ibid. vol. xxx (1874) pp. 174-79; 6. 'Results of a Systematic 

 Survey, in 1878, of the Directions & Limits of Dispersion, Mode of Occurrence, 

 & Relation to Drift-Deposits of the Erratic Blocks or Boulders of the West of 

 England & East of Wales, including a Revision of many years' Previous 

 Observations' Ibid. vol. xxxv (1879) pp. 425-53. 



2 ' On the Two Glaciations of the Lake District' Geol. Mag. vol. viii (1871) 

 p. 116. 



3 Q. J. G. S. vol. xxxi (1875) pp. 152-65. 



^ ' Distribution of Boulders in West Cumberland ' Trans. Cumb. Assoc. 

 pt. V (1879-80) pp. 151-57, and ' The Glacial Deposits of West Cumberland ' 

 Ibid. pt. vii (1881-82) pp. 61-78. 



