Yol.68.] LOWER CAEBOKIFEEOUS OP Is^OETH- WESTERN ENGLAND. 449 



23. IVie Lower Caebonifeeous Succession in the Noeth-West of 

 England. By Edmund Johnston Garwood, M.A., V.P.G.S., 

 Professor of Geology in University College, London. (Eead 

 May 10th, 191].) 



[Plates XLIY-LVI.] 



Contents. 



Page 



I., Introduction 449 



JI. The Zonal Divisions 456 



II r. The Shap and Eayenstonedale Districts. (Type Districts.) 484 



IV. The Arnside and Carnforth Districts 504 



V. The Kendal and Kirkby Lonsdale Districts 516 



VI. The Grange and Furness Districts 525 



VII. The Westmorland Pennines and the Middleton-in-Teesdale District 534 



VIII. Correlation with the South- Western Province and other Areas ... 544 



IX. Summary and Conclusions 548 



X. Paleeontology 555 



I. Introduction. 



The Lower Carboniferous rocks of Westmorland and Cumberland 

 crop out in a nearly continuous ring encircling the Lower Palaeozoic 

 rocks of the Lake District, broken only on the west by the overlap 

 of the Triassic deposits. The south-eastern edge is situated in 

 Yorkshire, and, though apparently continuous with the rest, is 

 separated structurally by the Dent Eault ; while the eastern margin 

 of the ring is cut off from the Lower Carboniferous rocks of the 

 Pennine Chain by the Pennine Eault, and by the mantle of Permian 

 and Triassic rocks occupying the Yale of Eden. 



The area dealt with in the present communication comprises 

 some 400 square miles of country occupied by Lower Carboniferous 

 rocks. It includes the Avhole of Westmorland and Yorkshire north 

 and west of the Dent Fault, together with that portion of Lancashire 

 which lies north of the Lune Yalley. The small tract of Lower 

 Carboniferous rocks, forming the northern extremity of Yorkshire, 

 which lies between the Westmorland portion of the Pennine Chain 

 and the Hiver Tees is also included. The following are the points 

 to which special attention has been given during the examination 

 of the district : — 



(1) The possibility of establishing a palseontological sequence from the base 



to the summit of the succession which would be applicable to the whole 

 of the North-West of England. 



(2) The general lithological characters of the different faunal horizons,'and 



the variations which these undergo when they are traced laterally. 



(3) The distribution of these faunal horizons in the area examined, and the 



relative dates of submergence of the pre-Carboniferous land-surface in 

 the several districts included in this area. 



Q. J. G. S. No. 272. 2l 



