484 PROF. E. J. GAENYOOD OX THE LOWEE CAEBOXIFEEOUS [DeC. 1^12 ^ 



continuation of the Clitheroe and Gargrave limestone-knoUs,. 

 brought into their present positions by thrusting. 



Lithology. — The base of the zone is composed of dark lime- 

 stone and calcareous shales, followiug directly upon the Lower 

 DihunopTiyllum Sub-zone. These beds are succeeded by shales and 

 massive sandstones, which have been extensively quarried for 

 building-stone. In the Kirkby Lonsdale District they contain only 

 one band of limestone, almost entirely made up of crinoid-fragments 

 and destitute of other fossils. At Hawkfield, in the i'urness 

 District, however, this horizon is rather more fossiliferous. 



Pauna. — The fauna of the lowest limestones and shales is poor 

 in. corals, but rich in brachiopods. On the whole, both in the 

 Kirkby Lonsdale and in the Furness Districts, it is characterized 

 by the large number of brachiopods which are met with in the 

 higher portion of the Derbyshire limestone massif, such as Productus: 

 semireticulatus, Pr. latissimus, etc. 



^ Girvanella nodules. 



Aulopora sp. 



Caninoid Campopliyllum . 

 ^ Cyathopliyllum regium Pbill. 

 Auloyhyllu'in cf. imchyendothccum 



Thomson. 

 Bihinojihyllum muirheadi Nich. & | Froductus semireticulatus Mart. 



Thomson. I Fugnax pugnv.s (Mart.). 



Diphyphyllum latcseptatum M'Coy. I Spirifer bisulcatus Sbv. 

 Lithostrotion irrcgulare (P\\\\\.). I Sjnrifer duplicicostusVhiW. 



Syringopora sp. 



Chonetes cf. compressor Sibly. 

 Productus cf. costatus Sby. 

 Froductus giganteus Mart. 

 Froductus latissimus Sby. 

 Froductus cf. longispinus Sby. 



Lif.hostrotmi junceum (Flera.). 

 Lithostrotion m^coyanum Ed.& H. 

 Lithostrotion portlocki (Bronn). 

 LonsdaVm floriformis (Mart.). 



Spirifer triangularis Mart. 

 Spirifer crassus de 'Kon.= pi anicostus^ 

 M'Coy. 



Edmondia sulcata (Phill.). 



III. The Shap axd Eavexstoxedale DisiEiCis. (Tipe Disteicts.) 



The development in these districts may be taken as typical of the 

 succession in the Xorth- Western Province, for it contains the whole 

 of the northern sequence of the Lower Carboniferous rocks up to 

 the Millstone Grit. The Jlichelinia Zone, however, is here but 

 poorly developed, and the higher beds of the Upper Dihunopliyllum 

 Zone are almost devoid of fossils. These zones must, therefore, be 

 studied more fully in the Arnside District on the south-west and, 

 in the Pennine District on the east respectiveh'. 



The districts comprise the Carboniferous area lying between the 

 Piver Eamont and the Dent Fault. The general strike of the beds 

 is north-north-west and south-south-east ; but in the neighbour- 

 hood of Orton it sweeps round, and runs more directly east and 

 west, returning again to its original direction in Pavenstonedale. 

 The average dip in the neighbourhood of Shap is between 2>'^ and 

 4° north-eastwards ; but east of Orton, where the strike slews. 



^ Isot found outside this horizon. 



