Yol. 68.] SUCCESSION in the NOETH-WEST of ENGLAND. 



485 



Tound and the ground is traversed by dip-faults, it is higher and 

 more irregular, averaging about 10° north-north-eastwards. 



The districts are included in Sheets 30, 31, 39, and 40, Old Series, 

 of the Geological Survey map, and the Carboniferous rocks have been 

 briefly described in the sheet memoirs on Appleby and Mallerstang 

 by Tiddeman, Goodchild, Dakyns and others. A description of a 

 general traverse, from Wasdale Crag, by way of Shap, to the Valley 

 of the Eden near Appleby, is given by J. S. Bland. ^ 



The lowest Carboniferous rocks of this area may conveniently be 

 -divided into five lithological divisions. The relation of these to the 

 palaeontological subdivisions is expressed in the following table: — 



Lithological Divisions. 



{7) The Yoredale Beds. 



Alternations of sandstones with sub- 

 ordinate shales and impure limestones. 



<(6) The Knipe-Sear Limestone, 



Pure white limestones forming the 

 ' Scars ' of the District, passing near 

 Kii-kby Stephen into shaly lime- 

 stones. 



<5) The Ortonand Ashfell-Sandstone 

 Series. 

 Red and yellow sandstones, with a few 

 calcareous bands in the south. 



<4) The Blea-Flatt and Tnrn-Sike 

 Limestones. 

 Grey and pink shaly limestones, occur- 

 ring only between Orton and the Dent 

 Fault. In tlie north they are merged 

 in the Orton Sandstone. 



<3) The Shap and Eavenstonedale Dolo- 

 mite Series. 

 Including porcellanous limestones, algal 

 beds, and shales with ostracods. 



'(2) Basement Beds. 



Red shaly sandstones and conglomerates 

 containing Shap-Granite felspars. 



<1) Pinskey Beds. 



Yellow sandy dolomites and dark mud- 

 stones, only found in Raven stonedale. 



Palaeontological Zones. 



Upper Dibu7W2Jhf/ litem Sub- 

 zone. 



Lower Bihunopliyllum Sub- 

 zone. 



Nematojyhylhun-viinus Sub- 

 zone. 



Cyrtma-carbonaria Sub-zone 

 (south of Shap only). 



Cyrtina-carhonaria Sub-zone 

 (north of Shap only). 



Gastropod Beds (upper por- 

 tion only in Ravenstone- 

 dale). 



Michelinia Zone (north of 

 Orton only). 



Gastropod Beds (lower por- 

 tion), 

 Michelinia Zone, 



Afhyris-glabrktria Zone. 



No fossils. 



Spirifer-pinskeyensis Zone. 



The faunal zones run approximately parallel to the outcrop of 

 cthe lithological divisions, but the Orton Sandstone enters 



1 Trans. Manch, Geol. Soc. yoI. iv (1862-64) pp. 44-61. 



