492 PRO^. E. J. GARWOOD ON THE LOWER CARBONIFEROUS [DeC. I9I2, 



species of Syringopora and LitJiostrotion. These are usually silicified, 

 ■and form conspicuous tufts on the weathered surfaces. The general 

 outcrop is shown on the accompanying map (PL LIII) ; a list of 

 .the fauna has already been tabulated (p. 473). 



The Bryozoa Band crops out on the line of section near 

 ^ The Nab ' Farmhouse, a few feet above the highest occurrence 

 of NematopTiyUum minus ; it is here about 30 feet thick. The rock 

 is fine-grained, frequently porcellanous, and contains a few thin 

 layers rich in Calcisplierce and allied forms associated with plant- 

 remains. Erom ' The Nab ' Farmhouse this band can be traced 

 in a north-w^esterly direction along ' the Edges ' to the lime-kiln at 

 Sweetholme, where it is highly fossiliferous, and thence by the base 

 of Knipe Scar to Whale. To the south of Hardendale Nab it is 

 exposed under Long-Scar Pike, and occurs also as an inlier near 

 the head of Lyvennet Beck, where it includes the interesting 

 porcellanous layer containing Calcisplierce and plant-remains (see 

 PI. XLVII, fig. 4). At the southern end of the district the band is 

 exposed on Crosby Garret Fell, AVeather Hill, and Begin Hill, and 

 in the neighbourhood of Scandal Beck; it is usually much more 

 fossiliferous than the overlying and underlying beds. It reaches its 

 most massive, and in many respects most interesting, development on 

 Orton Knott, where it includes a bed of fine grey and yellow lime- 

 stone crowded with bryozoa, in particular Fenestella, and is further 

 characterized by the abundance of Capulids and the large size of the 

 specimens of Pterinopecten dumontianus. The exposure of this band 

 on Crosby Garret Fell closely resembles the Bryozoa Band which 

 occurs at the same horizon in the Pennine District to \:hQ east of 

 Koman Fell, both exposures being characterized by the abundance 

 of Stenopora compacted. 



The Lower Dihunophyllum Sub-zone forms the main 

 mass of the Knipe-Scar Limestone throughout the Shap District, 

 •and gives rise to the fine series of escarpments which constitute so 

 marked a feature of the country between Askham and Little Asby : 

 notably, Knipe Scar, Hardendale Nab, Long-Scar Pike, and Orton 

 Scar. On the east of the water-parting these beds form the bare 

 dip-slopes in the neighbourhood of Oddendale, Great and Little 

 Asby, and Gathorn Plain. The beds are composed of massive sub- 

 crystalline grey limestones, and include (as usual) a 'spotted' bed 

 near the base, which is well exposed at Trainrigg. Pseudo-breccias 

 are also conspicuous on the surface of the dip-slopes near the 

 summit of the sub-zone, and west of Oddendale they form the 

 limestone-ridges locally known as ' Deadmen's Graves.' 



In the neighbourhood of Shap the sub-zone is about 300 feet 

 thick ; but it increases in thickness to the south of Hardendale Nab, 

 and on Gathorn Plain cannot be far short of 500 feet thick. A 

 conspicuous feature of the fauna is the abundance and size of the 

 specimens of Alveolites capillaris, which occur in subspherical 

 masses measuring as much as 10 inches in diameter. 



