512 PROF. E. J. GARWOOD ON THE LOAYER CARBONIFEROUS [DoC. I9I2, 



just described, but contains in addition the higher portion of the 

 Dihunopliyllum Sub-zone, which towards the south jDasses upwards 

 into the Millstone Grit. The palaeontological succession is perfectly 

 normal ; the beds of the Upper Dihunophyllum Sub-zone belong- 

 here to the Western or Kirkby Lonsdale Type. This area is separated 

 from the western tract by Arnside Moss and Silverdale Moss, which 

 appear to mark a dislocation running roughly parallel with the 

 railway, as the result of which the beds are frequently tilted 

 vertically and in places are even reversed. The oldest rocks 

 seen occur near Elack-Dyke Cottage, on Arnside Moss ; they appear 

 to represent a fragment of fault-breccia belonging to the Camaro- 

 phoria-isorliyncha Sub-zone, and contain Loplioj^hyllum meatliopense. 

 The Chonetes-carinata Eeds are well exposed on the south side of 

 the road between Arnside and Sandside, and, near the summit, 

 include the Cyathopliylhim-midtiseptatum Band. Kear Dick-Fell 

 Cottage the beds dip steeply eastwards ; but, before reaching 

 the railway-bridge, they become vertical, and a little farther on 

 along the shore become inverted with an apparent dip of 70° north- 

 westwards. The inverted position of the beds is confirmed by the 

 fact that the shells of Chonetes carinata have their concave valves 

 exposed by weathering ; whereas, in normal sections on Arnside 

 shore and elsewhere, the keeled convex valve is almost invariably 

 found projecting from the weathered upper surfaces of the bedding- 

 planes, showing that it is the under surface of the beds which 

 is here exposed. The best section of these inverted beds is seen 

 in the railway-cutting south-west of Sandside Station. At the 

 western end of the cutting the highest beds of the Michelinia 

 Zone are found dipping with a reversed inclination towards the 

 south-west, followed by beds \A'hich, though apparently underlying 

 them, belong in reality to the Gastropod Beds of the succeeding 

 zone. The great pressure to which the beds have been subjected 

 is shown by the marked development of phacoidal structure, 

 and by slickensiding on the surfaces of the bedding-planes, 

 testifying to intense horizontal movement. On this account the 

 zonal succession is rendered exceedingly obscure, and it is not 

 until we reach the eastern end of the cutting that the beds resume 

 their normal characters, and we find beds marked by layers of 

 Chonetes papilioiiacea dipping gently towards Sandside Station. 

 A small section opposite the station contains Nematophyllum minus, 

 and the beds are seen to form part of the dome in which Sandside 

 Quarry is excavated. The inverted Miclielinia Beds are again 

 exposed along the line of strike, in a small quarr}' at the corner 

 of the cross-roads near Hazelslack Tower, Here the reversed 

 shells of Chonetes carinata and the phacoidal and slickensided 

 surfaces are again noticeable. The line of strike of these vertical 

 and reversed beds can be traced in a southerly direction past the 

 east side of Haweswater and thence through Trowbarrow Hill, 

 to the south of which the beds disappear under Storrs Moss, cut 

 off apparently by a north-and-south cross-fault. The strike of 

 the vertical fold, however, is oblique to the strike of the beds, so 



