518 PKOF. E. J. GAEWOOD OX THE LOWEE CAEBOXIFEEOTJS [DeC. I912, 



The Athyris-glahristria Zone crops out at intervals along 

 the base of the western and northern portions of the escarpment. 

 The basement-beds are usually obscured, and though a somewhat 

 extensive area at the northern end of the district is represented as 

 occupied by these beds on the Geological Survey map, very few 

 exposures occur at the surface. 



The lowest beds met with consist of sandy dun-coloured dolomites,, 

 containing little in the way of fossils except obscure plant-remains. 

 Between Hall-Head Parm and Cunswick Hall a series of dolomitic 

 limestones are exposed on both sides of the road ; the lowest few 

 feet of these appear to belong to the summit of the Solenopora 

 Sub-zone, and contain a few specimens of CamarotcecMa][)roava and 

 Seminula aff. Jicoides. The beds, therefore, correspond generally 

 with the lowest horizon found at Low Meathop in the Arnside 

 District, already described; no specimen of Solenopora has, how- 

 ever, been met with in this district. The lowest beds usually 

 exposed belong to the Algal Layer, but the typical algal structure 

 can only occasionally be identified in microscopic sections. Certain 

 porcellanous layers, which occur near the base of the sections in 

 Hall-Head Quarries, are of interest, as they closely resemble layers- 

 of a similar character that are found in the Bryozoa Band of the 

 Shap District and, like them, contain CalcisjyJierce associated with 

 plant-remains (see PI. XLVII, fig. 4). 



The Thy s an oj:) hi/ U 11711 Band is well exposed immediately 

 above these beds in Hall-Head Quarries, and from here to Cuns- 

 wick Hall it forms a nearly continuous outcrop. Farther south 

 it is well exposed in the cutting for the Kendal-Underbarrow road, 

 and again in Crag-Mollet Scar immediately above Brigsteer village. 

 The fauna is normal, and examples of Cyathoj^hyllum aff. midti- 

 lamellaium are found near the summit. 



Interesting evidence of horizontal movement may be observed in 

 the limestone forming the floor of Hall-Head Quarries, where certain 

 layers have been pinched up into sharp anticlinal folds, while 

 those immediately above and below still remain horizontal and 

 undisturbed ; one of these pinched anticlines is shown in PI. XLYI, 

 fig. 1 (facing tliis page). The lateral displacement which gave rise 

 to this interesting phenomenon was doubtless connected with the 

 movements that brought down the Carboniferous rocks against the 

 Silurian at Kendal hard by. Such lateral movement is common 

 throughout the ISTorth-'SN'estern Province — as shown by the varia- 

 tion in the thickness of certain shale-partings, and also by the 

 slickensiding constantly observed on the surfaces of the bedding- 

 planes. 



Above the Thysanophyllmn Band under Cunswick Scar occurs 

 a bed of hard siliceous limestone, which forms a small scar a 

 few feet thick. Many of the layers are oolitic, while others are 

 almost entirely composed of sand-grains cemented by calcite. The 

 deposit is not very fossiliferous, but contains a few well-preserved 

 specimens of Syringothyris cusjpidata^ and it was doubtless from 



