526 TROF, E. J. GARWOOD OX THE LOWER CARBONIFEROUS [DcC. I912, 



from the other, either by estuaries or by valley-depressions. The 

 general dip of the Carboniferous rocks being uniformly eastward, 

 and the downthrow being on the west of each fault, we find a 

 series of similar blocks of Lower Carboniferous strata, in each of 

 Avhich a complete sequence is exposed from the Silurian to the 

 highest Carboniferous bed (usually somewhere near the summit of 

 the Lower Dihunopliyllum Sub-zone) remaining, after denudation, 

 in each block (PL LTI, Section 3, & fig. 1, p. 451). 



The numerous sections of the lower beds thus exposed show 

 that the general surface of the Silurian platform upon which the 

 Carboniferous strata were deposited must have been, on the whole, 

 a remarkably even one, and the Carboniferous submergence must 

 have taken place simultaneously over a large area. 



Everywhere resting upon the Silurian rocks occurs some portion 

 of the Semimda-gregaria Sub-zone, succeeded by the Michelinia 

 Zone. Outside the Furness District there is practically no equi- 

 valent of the Shap Conglomerate or the barren basement-sandstone 

 which occurs in the type-districts ; still less is there any trace 

 of the underlying Polygenetic Conglomerate of the Sedbergh and 

 Ulls water areas farther east. 



The area with which we are now concerned may, for convenience, 

 be divided into an eastern portion — 'The Grange District,' and a 

 western portion — ' The Purness District,' separated by the Leven 

 estuary. 



(1) The Grange District. 



This district lies between the Leven estuary and the Kendal 

 District already described. It is separated from the latter by the 

 fault which runs down the Gilpin valley. Four fault-blocks occur 

 in this district. These are, counting from the east to the west : 

 Whitbarrow, Yewbarrow, Hampsfell, and Holker. The succession 

 resembles closely that in the Arnside District, and the beds are, as 

 might be expected, intermediate in their development between 

 those of the Arnside and of the Kendal Districts. Thus the Tliysano- 

 pliyUum Band of the type-districts is onl)^ found in the easternmost 

 block : Avhile the character of the Upper Dihunopliyllum Sub-zone, 

 so far as it is preserved at Humphrey Head and Holker, is inter- 

 mediate between the Yoredale and the Kirkby Lonsdale types. 

 The Spirifer-furcatus Band and the Camaroplioria-isorhyncha Sub- 

 zone are also locally developed. 



The Whitbarrow-Yewbarrow block is separated from the 

 Kendal District on the east by the Gilpin-valley Fault, and from 

 the Hampsfell block on the west by the Xewby-Bridge & Lindale 

 Fault, which brings up the Silurian tract of Higher ]S'ewton and the 

 AVinster Valley. AVhitbarrow and Yewbarrow are also separated 

 one from the other by a north-and-south fault which passes near 

 Witherslack Hall. The general dip is eastward. The lowest beds 

 are exposed in both Yewbarrow and AVhitbarrow, along the base of 

 the western escarpments. The zonal development is intermediate 



