532 PROF. E. J. GARWOOD ON THE LOWER CARBO^TIPEROrS [DeC. I912, 



(2) The Furness District between the Duddon and the 

 Leven Estuaries. 



The beds, on the whole, resemble those of the Grange District, 

 aud include the succession from the Semimda-gregaria Sub-zone 

 to the Upper Dibunopliyllum Sub-zone. The country is drift- 

 covered, and very few natural exposures of the lower zones occur. 

 The central portion between Great Urswick, Stank, and Dalton is 

 considerably faulted, and the limestones here and farther west are 

 much altered and impregnated with haematite. The points of 

 special interest in the district are : — 



1. The presence of conglomerate and shales at the base of the succession in 

 the north-western border between Marton and Elliscales, representing 

 the Athyris-glabristria Zone of the type-districts. 



'2. The excellent development of the lower portion of the JMickelinia Zone in 

 the neighbourhood of Elliscales, and the presence of exposures showing 

 the relationship of the upper and lower portions of this zone. 



:3. The fine series of exposures of the Xeinatophyllum-minus Sub-zone in the 

 Longlands quarries. 



4. The presence of the Southern or Kirkby Lonsdale fades of the Upper 

 Bibunophyllum Sub-zone. 



The Athyris-glahristria Zone. — The lowest beds consist 

 of a conglomerate, overlain by calcareous shales and limestones 

 which crop out between Marton and Elliscales. These are not well 

 exposed at the present time ; but a complete section of the beds, 

 from the Silurian to the summit of the Michelinia Zone, can be 

 examined in a core from an old boring near Maidenlands Quarry. 

 This boring, which was carried to a depth of 168 feet, shows a 

 thickness, from the base to a level somewhere below the summit of 

 the Michelinia Zone, of about 150 feet. The lower half of this core, 

 judging from the character of the rock, appears to belong to the 

 upper portion of the A.-glabristria Zone. The presence of a basal 

 conglomerate, which occurs in several layers in a red sandstone, 

 is an interesting feature of the section, as no such basement- 

 beds occur elsewhere in the Furness, Grange, or Arnside Districts. 

 West of Elliscales, exposures of these lowest beds occur near 

 the tramway-cutting, and on the east side of Elliscales Quarry. 

 Specimens of CamUhersella compacta have been collected from the 

 latter exposure, showing the analogy of these beds with the Meathop 

 dolomites. On the east side of the Furness District two outcrops 

 ■of the A.-glahristria Zone occur. The northernmost of these forms 

 a small outlier resting upon the Silurian at Ashes Point, on the 

 -western shore of the Leven estuary. The small thickness exposed 

 belongs to the Seminula-gregaria Sub-zone, and doubtless repre- 

 sents the upper portion of this zone at Meathop. A little farther 

 south, the beds which form the base of the escarpment west of 

 Plumpton Hall appear to belong to the same horizon. 



The Camaroplioria-isorliyncha Sub-zone is well exposed 

 in the quarries at Elliscales, where some 20 or 30 feet of the lower 

 portion of the Michelinia Zone are seen. The rock is a compact 

 igrey limestone, and contains very large examples of Michelinia 



