Vol. 68.1 SUCCESSION 11^ THE NOKTH-WEST OF ETsTGLAND. 555 



X. Pal.i:o]!^tology. 

 Introduction. 



In the preparation of the following acconnts of new and little- 

 known forms of corals met with during the examination of the area 

 described in the foregoing pages, I have received the greatest 

 assistance from Mr. E. G. Carruthers, to whom I here offer my most 

 sincere thanks, and after whom I have named the new genus 

 described below. To Dr. Ivor Thomas I am indebted for advice 

 regarding the affinities of the Productids collected. I am also 

 greatly indebted to Dr. A. Smith Woodward, E.R.S., and Miss 

 Madeline Munro for their kindness in allowing me to publish 

 descriptions o£ the new forms of fish-teeth and bryozoa which 

 appear in Appendix I and Appendix II respectively. 



I have also to thank my friend Prof. T. McKenny Hughes, F.Ii.S., 

 for the special facilities which he has afforded me for studying 

 M'Coy's specimens of Carboniferous corals and brachiopods pre- 

 served in the Sedgwick Museum at Cambridge, and for leave to 

 cut sections of the type-specimens of Caninia suhihicina and 

 Cyatliopliyllum multilamellatum, photographs of which appear in 

 the accompanying plates. 



In conclusion, I wish to express my indebtedness to Mr. J. W. 

 Tutcher for the admirable photographs of brachiopods which are 

 reproduced in PI. LI, and the corals (tig. 1 & fig. 2 a), reproduced 

 in PI. XLIX. 



Carruthersella, gen. nov. 



Corallum simple, with an outer zone of dissepiments not radiated 

 by the septa. Columella strong, formed of straight lamellae in 

 complete contact, mostly separated from the major septa, although 

 some may be in direct connexion. 



The genus is closely allied to AulopliyJlum and Carcinopliyllum^ 

 but diff'ers in having a solid columella formed of straight radiating 

 lamellae in complete contact throughout ; it difi'ers from Loplio- 

 phyllum in having a purely dissepimental outer area, not radiated 

 by septa. 



■Carruthersella compacta, s}). nov. (PI. XLVIII, figs. 1 a-1 d.) 



External characters. — Corallum simple, elongate-conical. 



The largest specimen met with measures 17 mm, across the 

 calyx, but the length of this specimen is unknown: it must have 

 exceeded 35 mm. Cross-section circular. Calyx deep, with a solid 

 columella projecting as a well-defined boss. In well-preserved 

 specimens the proximal end is seen to bifurcate, so as to form two 

 subequal root-like processes. Surface smooth, or covered with 

 inconspicuous longitudinal striae and well-marked growth-lines. 



Transverse section (figs. 1 «-l c). — Central area well defined, 

 formed of a solid and conspicuous spindle-shaped columella, composed 



