584 THE LOWEE CARBONIFEROUS SUCCESSION [DeC.1912, 



The small fold between undisturbed beds briefly described by the 

 Author was a very interesting feature, about which he (the speaker) 

 would be glad to learn more. He was acquainted with wliat 

 appeared to be similar cases in the limestones of Pendle Hill, and 

 near Ashford in Derbyshire. 



That the spotting in the ' spotted ' limestone was in some way 

 connected with the presence of sand-grains was new to the speaker ; 

 in all the examples that he had examined, from South and North 

 Wales, Derbyshire, and elsewhere, he had not observed any associated 

 sand-grains. 



It was with great diffidence that he said a word about zonal 

 fossils, but he could not help feeling that it would have been more 

 convenient if the zonal forms adopted had been the same as those 

 established in the South- Western region. Quite possibly this was 

 not practicable, if so it was a matter of considerable interest; 

 still, the practice of selection of locally abundant fossils as zone- 

 indicators would tend to obscure the facts of correlation for the 

 ordinary student. 



Mr. Cosmo Johns remarked on the value and interest of the paper, 

 and said that he was in general agreement with the Author. He 

 was particularly pleased with the value attached to the bands, chiefly 

 faunal, as marking definite horizons. Of the great value of these 

 distinctive bands in field-work there could be no question, pro- 

 vided that they were not used beyond the area where their value 

 had been established. He would also agree with the Author in 

 considering the dolomitization of the lower limestone-beds as being- 

 contemporaneous : their restriction to definite horizons was so clear 

 that it would invalidate any other conclusion. He further agreed 

 with the Author that beds of Tournaisian age, that was, lower 

 than the C^S level which forms the logical base to the Yisean, occur 

 in Eavenstonedale. He would, however, differ from the Author 

 ill suggesting probable equivalents with the zonal divisions made by 

 Dr. Yaughaij in the South- Western Province and in Belgium. The 

 beds with Cyrtina septosa,au maximum of OyaiJiopyllummurcliisoni^ 

 and characterized by the pseudo-breccia, would, in the Yoredale 

 country and South Wales, come in at the base of D^ and not at the 

 top. The division of the whole succession into a series with and a 

 series without Lithostrotion was hardly precise enough, and a definite 

 division into Tournaisian and Yisean would appear to be necessary. 

 If this were done, the line would be drawn below and not above 

 the Miclielinia-megastoma level, and might even include the beds 

 with Tliysanophyllum pseudovermiculare^ below which the most 

 marked lithological change seemed to occur, , . 



The transgression of the faunal lines across the lithological lines 

 in the' short distance from Ravenstonedale to Shap, as mentioned by 

 the Author, was so startling that comment must be reserved until 

 the whole of the evidence had been published. It was possible that 

 a complication had been introduced into the reading of the structure 

 of the Shap-Ravenstonedale area by assuming that the whole of the 

 Carboniferous rocks were laid down over what is now the Lake- 



