﻿1863.] 
  JENKINS 
  — 
  JAVAN 
  FOSSILS. 
  63 
  

  

  towards 
  which 
  the 
  ancient 
  fauna 
  has 
  emigrated, 
  and 
  that 
  one 
  is 
  

   probably 
  the 
  newer 
  near 
  which 
  it 
  has 
  continued 
  to 
  exist. 
  

  

  The 
  old 
  Miocene 
  sea 
  or 
  ocean 
  was 
  only, 
  it 
  seems 
  to 
  me, 
  a 
  later 
  

   and 
  smaller 
  edition 
  of 
  the 
  great 
  Nummulitic 
  sea 
  or 
  gulf 
  which 
  ex- 
  

   tended 
  from 
  south-western 
  Europe 
  to 
  Japan 
  *, 
  and 
  perhaps 
  further. 
  

   This 
  belief 
  is 
  chiefly 
  founded 
  on 
  the 
  following 
  facts 
  : 
  namely, 
  the 
  

   intimate 
  relation 
  of 
  the 
  southern- 
  and 
  middle-European 
  older 
  and 
  

   middle 
  Tertiary 
  to 
  the 
  East 
  Indian 
  recent 
  Mollusca 
  (especially 
  uni- 
  

   valves) 
  ; 
  the 
  close 
  relationship, 
  according 
  to 
  Dr. 
  Duncanf, 
  of 
  the 
  

   European 
  Miocene 
  corals 
  to 
  those 
  at 
  present 
  inhabiting 
  the 
  East 
  

   Indian 
  Ocean 
  ; 
  the 
  number 
  of 
  recent 
  species 
  of 
  Mollusca 
  now 
  com- 
  

   mon 
  to 
  the 
  Mediterranean 
  and 
  the 
  Red 
  Sea 
  ; 
  the 
  affinity 
  of 
  the 
  

   fauna 
  of 
  the 
  latter 
  to 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  Indian 
  Ocean 
  X 
  > 
  and 
  the 
  existence 
  

   of 
  the 
  Eocene 
  and 
  Miocene 
  formations 
  at 
  several 
  localities 
  en 
  route. 
  

  

  The 
  last 
  three 
  facts 
  only 
  prove 
  a 
  former 
  connexion 
  between 
  the 
  

   seas 
  on 
  the 
  west 
  of 
  the 
  Isthmus 
  of 
  Suez 
  and 
  those 
  on 
  the 
  east 
  of 
  

   that 
  barrier, 
  the 
  last 
  fact 
  rendering 
  it 
  probable 
  that 
  this 
  connexion 
  

   existed 
  during 
  the 
  Miocene 
  period, 
  as 
  it 
  certainly 
  did 
  during 
  the 
  

   Eocene. 
  The 
  first 
  two 
  facts 
  also 
  show 
  either 
  that 
  a 
  tide 
  of 
  emigra- 
  

   tion 
  of, 
  at 
  any 
  rate, 
  a 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  fauna 
  has 
  set 
  from 
  west 
  to 
  east, 
  or 
  

   that 
  the 
  ancient 
  fauna 
  continued 
  to 
  exist 
  in 
  the 
  Indian 
  Ocean 
  (more 
  

   or 
  less 
  altered, 
  it 
  may 
  be) 
  after 
  it 
  had 
  died 
  out 
  further 
  westward 
  §. 
  

  

  One 
  fact, 
  discovered 
  by 
  Philippi 
  and 
  mentioned 
  by 
  Mr. 
  Woodward, 
  

   shows 
  that 
  an 
  emigration 
  from 
  west 
  to 
  east 
  has 
  occurred 
  ; 
  he 
  re- 
  

   marks 
  that, 
  of 
  the 
  species 
  common 
  to 
  the 
  Red 
  Sea 
  and 
  the 
  Mediter- 
  

   ranean, 
  " 
  40 
  are 
  Atlantic 
  shells 
  which 
  have 
  migrated 
  into 
  the 
  Red 
  

   Sea 
  by 
  way 
  of 
  the 
  Mediterranean, 
  probably 
  during 
  the 
  newer 
  Pliocene 
  

   period; 
  the 
  others 
  are 
  Indo-Pacific 
  shells 
  which 
  extended 
  their 
  

   range 
  to 
  the 
  Mediterranean 
  at 
  an 
  earlier 
  age." 
  The 
  facts 
  already 
  

   stated, 
  however, 
  appear 
  to 
  prove, 
  as 
  regards 
  the 
  latter 
  portion 
  of 
  

   the 
  quotation, 
  that 
  it 
  was 
  the 
  Mediterranean 
  species 
  which 
  extended 
  

   their 
  range 
  to 
  the 
  Indian 
  Ocean, 
  and 
  not 
  the 
  converse, 
  and 
  that 
  the 
  

   tide 
  of 
  emigration 
  continued 
  in 
  activity 
  in 
  the 
  same 
  direction 
  during 
  

   the 
  newer 
  Pliocene 
  period 
  (as 
  inferred 
  by 
  Mr. 
  Woodward), 
  until 
  it 
  

   was 
  arrested 
  by 
  the 
  formation 
  of 
  the 
  Isthmus 
  of 
  Suez. 
  

  

  It 
  is 
  therefore 
  probable 
  that 
  the 
  Javan 
  fossils 
  are 
  somewhat 
  

   more 
  recent 
  than 
  the 
  percentage 
  of 
  existing 
  forms 
  amongst 
  them 
  

   would 
  appear 
  to 
  indicate 
  ||. 
  

  

  * 
  The 
  Nummulitic 
  formation 
  has 
  recently 
  been 
  discovered 
  in 
  Japan 
  by 
  Herr 
  

   von 
  Kichthofen 
  ; 
  and 
  another 
  Tertiary 
  formation, 
  probably 
  the 
  Miocene, 
  by 
  

   Captain 
  Bullock. 
  

  

  t 
  Quart. 
  Journ. 
  G-eol. 
  Soc. 
  vol. 
  xix. 
  p. 
  456. 
  

  

  { 
  See 
  Woodward's 
  ' 
  Manual 
  of 
  the 
  Mollusca,' 
  pp. 
  368, 
  369. 
  

  

  § 
  The 
  close 
  relation 
  between 
  the 
  European 
  Miocene 
  and 
  the 
  East 
  Indian 
  

   Recent 
  Molluscous 
  faunas 
  is 
  proved 
  by 
  the 
  fact 
  of 
  ten 
  or 
  twelve 
  genera 
  of 
  Shells 
  

   being 
  confined 
  in 
  the 
  fossil 
  state 
  to 
  the 
  former, 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  recent 
  state 
  (with 
  the 
  

   exception 
  of 
  three, 
  which 
  occur 
  also 
  in 
  the 
  Mediterranean) 
  to 
  the 
  Indo-Pacific 
  

   region 
  ; 
  also 
  by 
  a 
  large 
  number 
  of 
  species 
  being 
  common 
  to 
  the 
  European 
  Mio- 
  

   cene 
  and 
  the 
  East 
  Indian 
  Ocean. 
  These 
  facts 
  alone 
  appear 
  to 
  me 
  sufficient 
  to 
  

   prove 
  that 
  an 
  emigration 
  eastwards 
  of 
  at 
  least 
  a 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  European 
  Miocene 
  

   fauna 
  has 
  taken 
  place 
  since 
  and, 
  perhaps, 
  partly 
  during 
  that 
  period. 
  

  

  || 
  Prof. 
  Edward 
  Forbes 
  was, 
  perhaps, 
  the 
  first 
  to 
  assert 
  that 
  similarity 
  in 
  the 
  

  

  