﻿1864.] 
  ULTJECHISON 
  AND 
  HAEKXESS 
  PERMIAN. 
  147 
  

  

  nesian 
  Limestone, 
  which 
  on 
  the 
  banks 
  of 
  the 
  Wear, 
  in 
  Durham, 
  are 
  

   soft 
  yellow 
  sandstone, 
  become 
  on 
  the 
  banks 
  of 
  the 
  Xid, 
  in 
  Yorkshire, 
  

   and 
  west 
  of 
  Knaresborongh 
  a 
  pebbly 
  brownish-red 
  and 
  white 
  eon- 
  

   glomerate, 
  which 
  closely 
  resembles 
  the 
  Rothliegende 
  of 
  Germany*. 
  

  

  With 
  this 
  vast 
  dissimilarity 
  in 
  the 
  lithological 
  development 
  of 
  

   rocks 
  of 
  this 
  age 
  in 
  our 
  own 
  island, 
  we 
  need 
  not 
  wonder 
  if 
  we 
  find 
  

   still 
  greater 
  diversities 
  prevailing 
  when 
  we 
  follow 
  these 
  deposits 
  into 
  

   Germany 
  and 
  Russia. 
  In 
  the 
  first 
  of 
  these 
  countries 
  the 
  lower 
  

   member 
  of 
  the 
  group 
  (Rothliegende) 
  has 
  been 
  abundantly 
  trans- 
  

   posed 
  by 
  igneous 
  eruptions, 
  which 
  have 
  swollen 
  it 
  out 
  and 
  produced 
  

   many 
  modifications 
  of 
  original 
  structure 
  t. 
  Again, 
  in 
  Russia, 
  though 
  

   igneous 
  rocks 
  are 
  not 
  abundant 
  in 
  these 
  deposits, 
  considerable 
  mineral 
  

   changes 
  have 
  been 
  effected 
  in 
  them, 
  — 
  hot* 
  springs, 
  sulphureous 
  va- 
  

   pours, 
  the 
  transformation 
  on 
  a 
  grand 
  scale 
  of 
  cliffs 
  of 
  carbonate 
  of 
  

   lime 
  into 
  gypsum, 
  and 
  the 
  diffusion 
  of 
  rock-salt 
  and 
  copper 
  ores 
  are 
  

   abundantly 
  displayed. 
  

  

  Now, 
  although 
  in 
  England 
  no 
  clear 
  evidences 
  of 
  the 
  outburst 
  of 
  

   those 
  eruptive 
  rocks, 
  or 
  of 
  those 
  signs 
  of 
  powerful 
  chemical 
  action 
  

   which 
  characterize 
  the 
  foreign 
  Permian 
  rocks, 
  have 
  hitherto 
  been 
  

   adduced, 
  we 
  bring 
  before 
  our 
  associates 
  that 
  which 
  we 
  consider 
  

   to 
  be 
  a 
  clear 
  proof 
  that 
  the 
  haematite 
  or 
  valuable 
  kidney 
  iron-ore 
  or 
  

   Cumberland 
  and 
  Lancashire 
  was 
  formed 
  in 
  the 
  early 
  accumulation 
  

   of 
  the 
  Permian 
  deposits 
  ; 
  or, 
  in 
  other 
  words, 
  that 
  that 
  period 
  com- 
  

   menced 
  in 
  the 
  north-west 
  of 
  England 
  with 
  the 
  formation 
  of 
  this 
  ore. 
  

   "Whether 
  this 
  substance 
  resulted 
  from 
  the 
  deposit 
  of 
  hot 
  springs 
  or 
  

   otherwise, 
  we 
  therefore 
  regard 
  it 
  as 
  one 
  of 
  the 
  signs 
  of 
  that 
  intense 
  

   chemical 
  agency 
  of 
  which 
  the 
  Permian 
  rocks 
  of 
  the 
  Continent 
  offer 
  

   so 
  many 
  proofs. 
  As 
  great 
  doubts 
  have 
  prevailed 
  concerning 
  the 
  age 
  

   of 
  this 
  haematite, 
  which 
  occurs 
  in 
  the 
  abraded 
  cavities 
  of 
  the 
  Car- 
  

   boniferous 
  Limestone, 
  we 
  consider 
  ourselves 
  fortunate 
  in 
  being 
  able 
  

   to 
  show 
  its 
  absolute 
  connexion 
  with 
  the 
  Permian 
  breccia 
  or 
  conglo- 
  

   merate, 
  and 
  thus 
  to 
  sustain 
  a 
  sagacious 
  suggestion 
  of 
  Professor 
  Phillips, 
  

   that 
  such 
  might 
  prove 
  to 
  be 
  the 
  age 
  of 
  this 
  haematite 
  J. 
  

  

  If 
  it 
  be 
  asked 
  whether 
  the 
  Trias 
  has 
  disappeared 
  altogether 
  in 
  

   this 
  north-western 
  region, 
  we 
  can 
  only 
  say, 
  that 
  there 
  are 
  sandstones 
  

   and 
  red 
  and 
  green 
  marls 
  in 
  the 
  environs 
  of 
  Carlisle, 
  superior 
  to 
  our 
  

   Permian 
  rocks, 
  which 
  we 
  refer 
  to 
  that 
  group.; 
  and 
  Mr. 
  Binney, 
  

   who 
  has 
  also 
  examined 
  this 
  area, 
  has 
  shown 
  that 
  Liassic 
  strata 
  occur 
  

   in 
  the 
  flat 
  district 
  south 
  of 
  the 
  Solway 
  Eirth. 
  

  

  In 
  this 
  Introduction 
  I 
  would 
  remind 
  my 
  associates, 
  that 
  the 
  evi- 
  

   dences 
  of 
  a 
  tripartite 
  arrangement 
  of 
  the 
  Permian 
  group, 
  that 
  is, 
  of 
  

   lower 
  and 
  upper 
  sandstones, 
  and 
  an 
  intermediate 
  limestone, 
  or 
  its 
  

   fossiliferous 
  equivalent, 
  which 
  we 
  show 
  to 
  exist 
  in 
  England, 
  enable 
  

   us 
  to 
  correlate 
  our 
  British 
  deposits 
  of 
  this 
  age 
  with 
  the 
  formations 
  I 
  

   have 
  examined 
  over 
  extensive 
  foreign 
  tracts, 
  and 
  they 
  demonstrate 
  

   the 
  inapplicability 
  of 
  the 
  term 
  Dyas 
  to 
  this 
  group. 
  

  

  * 
  See 
  ' 
  Siluria,' 
  2nd 
  edit. 
  p. 
  348. 
  

  

  t 
  See 
  my 
  last 
  Memoir 
  on 
  the 
  Permian 
  Rocks 
  of 
  North-eastern 
  Bohemia, 
  Quart. 
  

   Journ. 
  Geol. 
  Soc. 
  vol. 
  xix. 
  p. 
  297. 
  

  

  + 
  See 
  Rep. 
  Brit. 
  Assoc. 
  1858, 
  Trans. 
  Sect. 
  p. 
  108. 
  

  

  L2 
  

  

  