﻿1864.] 
  3IUKCHIS0N 
  AND 
  HARKNESS 
  PERMIAN. 
  153 
  

  

  This 
  circumstance 
  justifies 
  the 
  inference 
  that 
  these 
  haematite 
  ores 
  

   are 
  the 
  result 
  of 
  an 
  agency 
  which 
  ushered 
  in 
  the 
  Permian 
  epoch. 
  

   The 
  earlier 
  Permian 
  rocks 
  of 
  both 
  England 
  and 
  Scotland 
  are 
  strongly- 
  

   impregnated 
  with 
  iron, 
  their 
  composition 
  consisting 
  principally 
  of 
  

   silica 
  and 
  an 
  oxide 
  of 
  this 
  metal. 
  

  

  This 
  latter 
  substance 
  originated 
  from 
  the 
  same 
  source 
  which, 
  

   during 
  the 
  commencement 
  of 
  the 
  deposition 
  of 
  the 
  Penrith 
  sand- 
  

   stones, 
  filled 
  up 
  the 
  fissures 
  in 
  the 
  Carboniferous 
  Limestone. 
  This 
  

   conclusion 
  is 
  applicable 
  not 
  only 
  to 
  the 
  Ulverstone 
  district, 
  but 
  also 
  

   to 
  that 
  of 
  Cleator, 
  south-east 
  of 
  Whitehaven, 
  where 
  valuable 
  deposits 
  

   of 
  haematite 
  are 
  also 
  obtained 
  from 
  the 
  cavities 
  and 
  fissures 
  in 
  the 
  Car- 
  

   boniferous 
  Limestone, 
  which, 
  at 
  one 
  time, 
  was 
  here 
  covered 
  over 
  by 
  

   an 
  extension 
  of 
  those 
  Permian 
  breccias 
  and 
  sandstones 
  now 
  forming 
  

   an 
  escarpment 
  a 
  short 
  distance 
  west 
  from 
  Cleator 
  Moor. 
  This 
  infer- 
  

   ence 
  concerning 
  the 
  Permian 
  age 
  of 
  the 
  haematite 
  had 
  been 
  arrived 
  

   at 
  by 
  Professor 
  Phillips, 
  who 
  in 
  a 
  communication 
  to 
  the 
  British 
  

   Association, 
  of 
  which 
  a 
  short 
  abstract 
  was 
  published 
  (Report 
  of 
  Brit. 
  

   Assoc. 
  1858, 
  Trans. 
  Sects, 
  p. 
  106), 
  illustrated 
  his 
  opinions 
  by 
  maps 
  

   and 
  drawings. 
  

  

  There 
  are 
  three 
  other 
  small 
  areas 
  where 
  the 
  Lower 
  Permian 
  rocks 
  

   occur 
  in 
  the 
  north-west 
  of 
  England. 
  They 
  have 
  been 
  described 
  by 
  

   Mr. 
  Binney. 
  One 
  of 
  them 
  is 
  at 
  Rougham 
  Point, 
  in 
  the 
  southern 
  por- 
  

   tion 
  of 
  the 
  Cartmell 
  Promontory 
  ; 
  the 
  second 
  is 
  at 
  West 
  House, 
  near 
  

   Burton-in-Lonsdale 
  ; 
  and 
  the 
  third 
  at 
  Ireby, 
  about 
  four 
  miles 
  south- 
  

   east 
  of 
  Kirkby 
  Lonsdale. 
  In 
  these 
  localities 
  occur 
  breccias 
  indica- 
  

   tive 
  of 
  a 
  low 
  position 
  in 
  the 
  Penrith 
  sandstones. 
  

  

  e. 
  Lower 
  Permian 
  Rocks 
  of 
  Scotland. 
  — 
  In 
  Scotland 
  there 
  are 
  several 
  

   areas 
  where 
  the 
  Lower 
  Permian 
  sandstones 
  occur, 
  the 
  details 
  con- 
  

   cerning 
  which 
  have 
  been 
  already 
  published*. 
  It 
  is 
  only 
  necessary, 
  

   therefore, 
  to 
  state 
  that, 
  lithologically, 
  these 
  Scottish 
  Lower 
  Permian 
  

   rocks 
  are 
  very 
  nearly 
  allied 
  to 
  those 
  of 
  the 
  Yale 
  of 
  the 
  Eden, 
  there 
  

   being 
  a 
  breccia 
  at 
  the 
  base, 
  a 
  middle 
  member 
  consisting 
  of 
  red 
  sand- 
  

   stones 
  identical 
  in 
  all 
  respects 
  with 
  the 
  sandstones 
  of 
  Penrith, 
  and 
  

   succeeded 
  by 
  higher 
  breccias. 
  

  

  The 
  difference 
  in 
  the 
  rocks 
  of 
  the 
  Scotch 
  and 
  English 
  Lower 
  Per- 
  

   mians 
  is 
  confined 
  to 
  the 
  nature 
  of 
  the 
  fragments 
  which 
  make 
  up 
  the 
  

   breccias. 
  These 
  are, 
  in 
  the 
  former, 
  for 
  the 
  most 
  part 
  fragments 
  of 
  

   the 
  Lower 
  Silurian 
  rocks, 
  against 
  which 
  the 
  Permian 
  strata 
  of 
  Scot- 
  

   land 
  usually 
  repose. 
  

  

  There 
  is, 
  however, 
  one 
  locality, 
  namely, 
  Dalton 
  Hook 
  in 
  Dum- 
  

   friesshire, 
  where 
  the 
  Scottish 
  members 
  of 
  the 
  lower 
  sandstones 
  

   are 
  precisely 
  similar 
  to 
  those 
  west 
  of 
  Appleby, 
  being 
  composed 
  of 
  

   unaltered 
  limestone-fragments 
  ; 
  and 
  here 
  the 
  Lower 
  Permian 
  is 
  in 
  

   contact 
  with 
  the 
  Carboniferous 
  formation. 
  It 
  is 
  not 
  in 
  mineral 
  

   character 
  only 
  that 
  the 
  Lower 
  Permians 
  of 
  the 
  north-west 
  of 
  England 
  

   and 
  the 
  south 
  of 
  Scotland 
  agree; 
  there 
  is 
  also 
  a 
  point 
  of 
  agreement 
  in 
  

   the 
  footprints, 
  the 
  only 
  evidence 
  of 
  life 
  which 
  these 
  strata 
  contain. 
  

   Even 
  as 
  building 
  -stones 
  the 
  rocks 
  of 
  the 
  two 
  countries 
  have 
  great 
  

  

  * 
  Quart. 
  Journ. 
  Geol. 
  Soc. 
  vol. 
  xii. 
  pp. 
  254 
  et 
  seq. 
  

  

  