﻿156 
  PROCEEDINGS 
  OP 
  THE 
  GEOLOGICAL 
  SOCIETY. 
  [Feb. 
  3, 
  

  

  with 
  true 
  Permian 
  Plants, 
  sandstones, 
  limestones, 
  and 
  red 
  shales, 
  

   passing 
  upwards 
  into 
  gypsiferous 
  red 
  shales. 
  

  

  c. 
  Fumess 
  area. 
  — 
  Another 
  locality 
  where 
  the 
  Middle 
  Permian 
  rocks 
  

   occur 
  is 
  at 
  Hole-beck, 
  near 
  the 
  village 
  of 
  Stank, 
  about 
  two 
  miles 
  

   south-east 
  of 
  Furness 
  Abbey. 
  The 
  strata 
  here 
  have 
  been 
  noticed 
  by 
  

   Prof. 
  Sedgwick 
  and 
  Mr. 
  Binney. 
  The 
  exposure 
  of 
  rocks 
  is, 
  however, 
  

   by 
  no 
  means 
  satisfactory, 
  consisting 
  of 
  a 
  small 
  portion 
  of 
  an 
  old 
  

   quarry 
  now 
  mostly 
  covered 
  up 
  with 
  soil 
  or 
  by 
  brushwood. 
  The 
  

   rock 
  is 
  a 
  yellow 
  cellular 
  magnesian 
  limestone, 
  which 
  was 
  formerly 
  

   used 
  in 
  the 
  village 
  of 
  Stank 
  as 
  a 
  building-stone. 
  Its 
  nature 
  and 
  its 
  

   position 
  with 
  reference 
  to 
  the 
  Carboniferous 
  rocks 
  on 
  the 
  north-east, 
  

   and 
  the 
  red 
  sandstones 
  on 
  the 
  south-west, 
  allow 
  of 
  very 
  little 
  diffi- 
  

   culty 
  in 
  referring 
  it 
  to 
  the 
  magnesian 
  representatives 
  of 
  the 
  Middle 
  

   Permian 
  series. 
  

  

  The 
  other 
  areas 
  of 
  the 
  north-west 
  of 
  England, 
  before 
  alluded 
  to 
  as 
  

   containing 
  Lower 
  Permian 
  sandstones, 
  namely, 
  West 
  House 
  and 
  Ireby, 
  

   do 
  not 
  exhibit 
  Middle 
  Permian 
  strata, 
  nor 
  are 
  there 
  any 
  clear 
  repre- 
  

   sentatives 
  of 
  them 
  exposed 
  in 
  the 
  Permian 
  districts 
  of 
  Scotland. 
  

  

  § 
  3. 
  "Hard 
  Brockram" 
  of 
  KirTcby 
  Stephen. 
  

  

  Before 
  describing 
  the 
  strata 
  succeeding 
  the 
  Middle 
  Permian 
  rocks 
  

   in 
  the 
  north-west 
  of 
  England, 
  it 
  is 
  necessary 
  to 
  notice 
  a 
  local 
  deposit 
  

   intervening 
  between 
  the 
  highest 
  portion 
  of 
  the 
  red 
  shales 
  and 
  the 
  base 
  

   of 
  the 
  Upper 
  Permian 
  series. 
  This 
  deposit 
  is 
  developed 
  only 
  in 
  the 
  

   neighbourhood 
  of 
  Kirkby 
  Stephen, 
  especially 
  to 
  the 
  south 
  thereof, 
  

   and 
  consists 
  of 
  a 
  breccia 
  of 
  angular 
  fragments 
  of 
  Carboniferous 
  

   Limestone, 
  cemented 
  together 
  by 
  a 
  brown 
  matrix. 
  This 
  is 
  the 
  

   ordinary 
  building-stone 
  of 
  Kirkby 
  Stephen, 
  and, 
  to 
  distinguish 
  it 
  

   from 
  the 
  soft 
  magnesian 
  breccias, 
  or 
  upper 
  members 
  of 
  the 
  Penrith 
  

   sandstones, 
  it 
  is 
  designated 
  " 
  hard 
  brockram." 
  Its 
  position 
  and 
  area 
  

   have 
  been 
  previously 
  described*. 
  Lithologically 
  this 
  "hard 
  brock- 
  

   ram 
  " 
  is 
  nearly 
  allied 
  to 
  the 
  inferior 
  unaltered 
  breccias 
  at 
  the 
  base 
  

   of 
  the 
  Penrith 
  sandstones 
  ; 
  and 
  with 
  reference 
  to 
  this, 
  the 
  highest 
  

   of 
  all 
  the 
  breccias 
  of 
  the 
  north-west 
  of 
  England, 
  it 
  is 
  interesting 
  to 
  

   notice 
  that 
  its 
  unaltered 
  character 
  indicates 
  a 
  deposition 
  after 
  the 
  

   operation 
  of 
  that 
  force 
  which 
  dolomitized 
  the 
  middle 
  members 
  of 
  the 
  

   Permian 
  group 
  f. 
  

  

  § 
  4. 
  Upper 
  Permian. 
  

  

  The 
  English 
  equivalents 
  of 
  this 
  division 
  are 
  the 
  St. 
  Bees 
  and 
  Corby 
  

   sandstones; 
  and 
  the 
  foreign 
  equivalents, 
  the 
  Bunter 
  Schiefer 
  of 
  Ger- 
  

   many, 
  and 
  the 
  upper 
  sandstone 
  and 
  conglomerate 
  of 
  Russia. 
  In 
  the 
  

   north-west 
  of 
  England 
  it 
  consists 
  of 
  red 
  sandstones 
  with 
  courses 
  of 
  

   red 
  shales, 
  all 
  perfectly 
  conformable 
  to 
  the 
  underlying 
  Permian 
  

   rocks, 
  there 
  being 
  a 
  regular 
  transition 
  or 
  passage 
  into 
  these 
  from 
  

   the 
  Middle 
  Permians 
  just 
  described. 
  In 
  all 
  situations 
  where 
  we 
  

   have 
  examined 
  them, 
  whether 
  in 
  Westmoreland, 
  the 
  east 
  of 
  Cumber- 
  

  

  * 
  Quart. 
  Journ. 
  Geol. 
  Soc. 
  vol. 
  xviii. 
  p. 
  208. 
  

  

  t 
  This 
  rock, 
  "hard 
  brockram," 
  is 
  mapped 
  as 
  Magnesian 
  Limestone 
  by 
  Prof. 
  

   Phillips, 
  Geology 
  of 
  Yorkshire 
  (1836), 
  vol. 
  ii., 
  and 
  referred 
  to 
  in 
  pp. 
  120 
  et 
  seq. 
  

  

  