﻿1864.] 
  MURCHISON 
  AXD 
  HATtKNESS 
  PERMIAX. 
  157 
  

  

  land, 
  or 
  in 
  the 
  north 
  portion 
  of 
  St. 
  Bees 
  Head 
  on 
  the 
  west 
  coast, 
  

   where 
  they 
  are 
  largely 
  and 
  clearly 
  displayed, 
  they 
  exhibit 
  not 
  only 
  

   a 
  perfect 
  conformity 
  to 
  the 
  Middle 
  Permian 
  strata 
  on 
  which 
  they 
  rest, 
  

   but 
  also 
  an 
  intimate 
  connexion 
  with 
  them. 
  Whatever 
  may 
  be 
  the 
  

   angle 
  of 
  inclination 
  of 
  the 
  one 
  is 
  always 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  other, 
  and 
  no- 
  

   where 
  is 
  there 
  to 
  be 
  seen 
  a 
  trace 
  of 
  erosion 
  on 
  the 
  upper 
  parts 
  of 
  

   the 
  supporting 
  strata 
  from 
  which 
  a 
  separation 
  might 
  be 
  inferred, 
  

   such 
  as 
  would 
  be 
  expected 
  between 
  rocks 
  of 
  palaeozoic 
  age 
  and 
  others 
  

   of 
  a 
  mesozoic 
  date. 
  We 
  have 
  therefore 
  no 
  hesitation 
  in 
  expressing 
  

   our 
  conviction 
  that 
  these 
  sandstones 
  of 
  St. 
  Bees 
  Head 
  and 
  Corby, 
  

   or 
  of 
  the 
  western 
  and 
  eastern 
  sides 
  of 
  Cumberland, 
  must 
  be 
  removed 
  

   from 
  the 
  Upper 
  New 
  Red 
  Sandstone 
  or 
  Trias, 
  with 
  which 
  they 
  have 
  

   been 
  hitherto 
  grouped, 
  and 
  be 
  viewed 
  as 
  the 
  upper 
  zone 
  of 
  the 
  Per- 
  

   mian 
  group. 
  

  

  a. 
  Valley 
  of 
  the 
  Eden, 
  and 
  Corby. 
  — 
  The 
  Upper 
  Permian 
  sand- 
  

   stones 
  are 
  only 
  very 
  partially 
  represented 
  in 
  the 
  higher 
  parts 
  of 
  the 
  

   Yale 
  of 
  the 
  Eden, 
  having 
  been 
  removed 
  by 
  denudation. 
  They 
  are, 
  

   however, 
  exhibited 
  in 
  the 
  typical 
  section 
  from 
  Great 
  Ormside 
  to 
  

   Boman 
  Fell, 
  and 
  have 
  in 
  Westmoreland 
  and 
  Cumberland 
  as 
  their 
  

   eastern 
  boundary, 
  the 
  great 
  Pennine 
  fault. 
  They 
  increase 
  in 
  thick- 
  

   ness 
  as 
  they 
  extend 
  from 
  Westmoreland 
  into 
  Cumberland 
  ; 
  and 
  they 
  

   are 
  admirably 
  exposed 
  in 
  those 
  picturesque 
  cliffs 
  forming 
  the 
  banks 
  

   of 
  the 
  Eden 
  to 
  the 
  south 
  of 
  Corby 
  Castle, 
  where 
  their 
  varied 
  tints 
  of 
  

   colour, 
  from 
  deep 
  red 
  to 
  almost 
  pure 
  white, 
  and 
  the 
  natural 
  caverns 
  

   which 
  have 
  been 
  hollowed 
  out 
  in 
  them, 
  when 
  combined 
  with 
  the 
  

   richest 
  foliage, 
  have 
  attracted 
  many 
  tourists*. 
  

  

  In 
  separating 
  these 
  Upper 
  Permian 
  rocks 
  from 
  the 
  New 
  Bed 
  Sand- 
  

   stones, 
  we 
  may 
  remark 
  that 
  there 
  is 
  one 
  characteristic 
  lithological 
  

   feature 
  of 
  the 
  latter, 
  which 
  scarcely, 
  if 
  ever, 
  appears 
  in 
  the 
  former 
  : 
  

   they 
  are 
  hardly, 
  if 
  ever, 
  spotted 
  or 
  " 
  bunter." 
  But, 
  in 
  offering 
  this 
  

   remark, 
  we 
  by 
  no 
  means 
  attach 
  any 
  peculiar 
  value 
  to 
  it, 
  inasmuch 
  

   as 
  the 
  Old 
  Eed 
  Sandstone 
  of 
  Perthshire, 
  and 
  other 
  parts 
  of 
  Scotland, 
  

   is, 
  if 
  possible, 
  more 
  curiously 
  and 
  abundantly 
  characterized 
  by 
  white 
  

   and 
  whitish-green 
  round 
  spots 
  than 
  any 
  portion 
  of 
  the 
  New 
  Eed 
  or 
  

   Bunter 
  Sandstone 
  of 
  England. 
  

  

  The 
  great 
  plain 
  of 
  Cumberland 
  is 
  so 
  covered 
  by 
  drift 
  that 
  only 
  a 
  

   few 
  spots 
  exhibit 
  Upper 
  Permian 
  rocks 
  : 
  one 
  of 
  these 
  is 
  Shalk-beck, 
  

   a 
  locality 
  before 
  referred 
  to 
  ; 
  and 
  west 
  from 
  this 
  point 
  we 
  have 
  the 
  

   Upper 
  Permians 
  occasionally 
  exposed 
  by 
  the 
  streams 
  which 
  flow 
  

   northwards 
  from 
  Brocklebank 
  Eells. 
  These 
  streams 
  exhibit 
  the 
  rocks 
  

   near 
  their 
  southern 
  margin, 
  which 
  is 
  the 
  line 
  of 
  fault 
  before 
  alluded 
  

   to 
  as 
  forming 
  the 
  south-western 
  limit 
  of 
  the 
  Lower 
  or 
  Penrith 
  

   sandstones. 
  This 
  fault, 
  on 
  approaching 
  the 
  centre 
  of 
  Cumberland, 
  

   near 
  Dalston, 
  takes 
  a 
  curved 
  course, 
  and 
  then 
  running 
  W.S.W. 
  enters 
  

   the 
  sea 
  near 
  Maryport. 
  On 
  assuming 
  the 
  W.S.W. 
  course, 
  the 
  fault 
  

   has, 
  on 
  its 
  N.N.W. 
  side, 
  the 
  Upper 
  Permian 
  sandstones, 
  denudation 
  

  

  * 
  Our 
  friend 
  Mr. 
  P. 
  H. 
  Howard, 
  of 
  Corby 
  Castle, 
  has, 
  at 
  the 
  request 
  of 
  Sir 
  

   R. 
  I. 
  Murchison, 
  obligingly 
  transmitted 
  specimens 
  of 
  these 
  good 
  and 
  beautiful 
  

   building-stones, 
  of 
  which 
  the 
  fine 
  viaduct 
  over 
  the 
  Eden 
  at 
  Corby 
  is 
  built, 
  to 
  the 
  

   Museum 
  of 
  Practical 
  Geology 
  in 
  Jermyn 
  Street. 
  

  

  