﻿1864.] 
  MURCHISON 
  AND 
  HARKNESS 
  PERMIAN. 
  159 
  

  

  sandstones 
  of 
  this 
  formation. 
  These 
  Upper 
  Permian 
  sandstones 
  are 
  

   separated, 
  in 
  the 
  south 
  and 
  west, 
  by 
  a 
  fault 
  from 
  the 
  Carboniferous 
  

   Limestone 
  which 
  contains 
  the 
  haematite 
  ores. 
  

  

  Around 
  Furness 
  Abbey 
  there 
  are 
  many 
  fine 
  exposures 
  of 
  the 
  Upper 
  

   Permian 
  sandstones, 
  adding 
  greatly 
  to 
  the 
  beauty 
  of 
  the 
  scenery; 
  

   and 
  at 
  Howcoat, 
  about 
  a 
  mile 
  and 
  a 
  half 
  south-west 
  of 
  the 
  noble 
  

   ruin, 
  these 
  sandstones 
  are 
  largely 
  worked, 
  and 
  are 
  the 
  materials 
  

   which 
  have 
  been 
  used 
  in 
  the 
  construction 
  of 
  Furness 
  Abbey. 
  

  

  The 
  relation 
  of 
  the 
  Upper 
  Permian 
  to 
  the 
  other 
  members 
  of 
  this 
  

   formation 
  cannot 
  be 
  seen 
  in 
  Furness, 
  the 
  fault 
  just 
  alluded 
  to 
  bring- 
  

   ing 
  the 
  higher 
  member 
  of 
  this 
  formation 
  against 
  the 
  Carboniferous 
  

   Limestone. 
  The 
  Upper 
  Permian 
  sandstones 
  of 
  the 
  Furness 
  area, 
  in 
  

   Lancashire, 
  have, 
  however, 
  the 
  same 
  mineral 
  type 
  as 
  those 
  of 
  Cum- 
  

   berland, 
  and, 
  indeed, 
  this 
  has 
  been 
  pointed 
  out 
  by 
  Prof. 
  Sedgwick, 
  

   who 
  remarks 
  upon 
  the 
  identity 
  of 
  the 
  latter 
  with 
  the 
  sandstones 
  of 
  

   St. 
  Bees 
  and 
  Furness 
  *. 
  In 
  no 
  other 
  portion 
  of 
  the 
  north-west 
  of 
  

   England 
  do 
  these 
  sandstones 
  occur 
  save 
  in 
  those 
  before 
  referred 
  to. 
  

  

  The 
  Upper 
  Permian 
  sandstones 
  have 
  a 
  well-marked 
  lithological 
  

   structure. 
  They 
  have 
  a 
  deeper 
  and 
  duller 
  red 
  colour 
  than 
  the 
  

   Lower 
  Permian 
  sandstones, 
  but 
  they 
  occasionally 
  exhibit 
  whitish 
  

   and 
  light-coloured 
  layers. 
  They 
  have 
  a 
  much 
  finer 
  grain 
  than 
  the 
  

   lower 
  series 
  ; 
  and 
  the 
  thin 
  red 
  shales, 
  or 
  wayboards, 
  which 
  are 
  as- 
  

   sociated 
  with 
  them, 
  is 
  a 
  feature 
  absent 
  from 
  the 
  lower 
  or 
  Penrith 
  

   sandstones. 
  They 
  also 
  frequently 
  exhibit 
  signs 
  indicative 
  of 
  a 
  

   littoral 
  origin. 
  But, 
  notwithstanding 
  these 
  slight 
  lithological 
  distinc- 
  

   tions, 
  the 
  mass 
  of 
  these 
  lower 
  and 
  upper 
  sandstones 
  of 
  Permian 
  

   age, 
  with 
  their 
  intervening 
  deposits 
  of 
  limestone 
  and 
  gypsum, 
  forms 
  

   one 
  unbroken 
  and 
  continuous 
  series, 
  which 
  represents 
  in 
  the 
  north- 
  

   western 
  portion 
  of 
  England 
  the 
  most 
  complete 
  type 
  of 
  the 
  group 
  in 
  

   the 
  British 
  Isles, 
  as 
  compared 
  with 
  its 
  foreign 
  equivalents 
  before 
  

   referred 
  to, 
  and 
  constituting 
  the 
  youngest 
  deposits 
  of 
  the 
  Palaeozoic 
  

   series. 
  

  

  § 
  5. 
  Triassic 
  Strata 
  west 
  of 
  Carlisle. 
  

  

  Before 
  we 
  take 
  leave 
  of 
  the 
  sandstones 
  of 
  the 
  north-west 
  of 
  England 
  

   it 
  is 
  necessary 
  to 
  refer 
  to 
  some 
  strata 
  exposed 
  in 
  the 
  course 
  of 
  the 
  

   Eden 
  at 
  and 
  near 
  Carlisle. 
  At 
  Etterby 
  Seam, 
  purple 
  shales, 
  with 
  

   greenish-grey 
  layers, 
  and 
  spots 
  of 
  a 
  similar 
  colour, 
  are 
  seen 
  forming 
  

   the 
  north 
  bank 
  of 
  the 
  river. 
  Below, 
  on 
  the 
  opposite 
  side 
  of 
  the 
  

   river, 
  at 
  Eden 
  Bank, 
  contiguous 
  to 
  the 
  North 
  British 
  Railway-bridge, 
  

   the 
  same 
  strata 
  occur, 
  forming 
  here 
  a 
  synclinal 
  trough, 
  the 
  sides 
  of 
  

   which 
  dip 
  E.S.E. 
  and 
  W.N.W. 
  at 
  35°. 
  Further 
  down 
  the 
  river, 
  

   between 
  Eden 
  Bank 
  and 
  Grinsdale, 
  the 
  same 
  strata 
  are 
  seen 
  in 
  a 
  

   nearly 
  horizontal 
  position. 
  A 
  short 
  distance 
  from 
  Grinsdale 
  Church, 
  

   on 
  the 
  opposite 
  (north) 
  bank 
  of 
  the 
  river, 
  there 
  occur 
  grey 
  shales 
  and 
  

   impure 
  limestones 
  having 
  an 
  easterly 
  dip, 
  and 
  resting 
  conformably 
  

   upon 
  a 
  thin 
  series 
  of 
  grey 
  gritty 
  sandstones 
  with 
  rippled 
  surfaces, 
  the 
  

   beds 
  being 
  about 
  three 
  feet 
  in 
  thickness. 
  Supporting 
  the 
  latter 
  are 
  

  

  * 
  Op. 
  cit. 
  supra, 
  p. 
  396. 
  

  

  