﻿1864.] 
  KIEKBY 
  PERMIAN 
  FISH 
  AND 
  PLANTS. 
  351 
  

  

  to 
  an 
  individual 
  about 
  ten 
  inches 
  long 
  ; 
  but 
  I 
  possess 
  a 
  fragment 
  

   that 
  has 
  evidently 
  belonged 
  to 
  an 
  individual 
  of 
  a 
  foot 
  or 
  more 
  in 
  

   length. 
  

  

  The 
  maximum 
  height 
  of 
  the 
  ten-inch 
  specimen 
  is 
  between 
  the 
  

   pectoral 
  and 
  ventral 
  fins, 
  and 
  measures 
  1| 
  inch. 
  The 
  head 
  is 
  2j-i 
  

   inches 
  long, 
  or 
  nearly 
  one-third 
  of 
  the 
  length 
  of 
  the 
  body. 
  The 
  

   anterior 
  portion 
  of 
  the 
  body 
  is 
  of 
  a 
  pretty 
  uniform 
  width, 
  but 
  from 
  

   the 
  ventral 
  fins 
  to 
  the 
  caudal 
  it 
  gradually 
  attenuates 
  to 
  | 
  inch. 
  The 
  

   tail 
  is 
  strongly 
  heterocercal. 
  

  

  The 
  fins 
  are 
  large. 
  The 
  dorsal 
  is 
  five 
  inches 
  from 
  the 
  snout, 
  and, 
  

   though 
  placed 
  between 
  the 
  anal 
  and 
  ventrals, 
  is 
  partly 
  over 
  the 
  

   latter 
  ; 
  the 
  ventrals 
  are 
  about 
  4| 
  inches 
  from 
  the 
  snout 
  ; 
  the 
  anal 
  

   is 
  7 
  inches 
  from 
  the 
  snout. 
  The 
  rays 
  of 
  the 
  ventral 
  fins 
  are 
  stout, 
  

   and 
  consist 
  of 
  twenty-three 
  or 
  twenty-four 
  rays, 
  which 
  bifurcate 
  

   twice 
  in 
  the 
  terminal 
  third 
  of 
  their 
  length; 
  their 
  articulations, 
  

   judging 
  from 
  the 
  scales 
  covering 
  them, 
  are 
  short 
  compared 
  with 
  their 
  

   width, 
  and 
  irregular, 
  except 
  in 
  the 
  three 
  basal 
  joints, 
  which 
  are 
  

   uniform 
  in 
  all 
  the 
  rays. 
  The 
  pectoral 
  fins 
  appear 
  to 
  have 
  been 
  

   similar 
  in 
  size 
  to 
  the 
  ventrals, 
  though 
  numbering 
  probably 
  a 
  few 
  

   more 
  rays. 
  The 
  anal 
  is 
  scarcely 
  larger 
  than 
  the 
  ventrals 
  ; 
  it 
  has 
  

   thirty 
  or 
  thirty-one 
  rays, 
  not 
  quite 
  so 
  stout 
  as 
  those 
  of 
  the 
  ventrals, 
  

   and 
  with 
  articulations 
  proportionally 
  longer. 
  The 
  dorsal, 
  from 
  what 
  

   remains 
  I 
  have 
  seen 
  of 
  it, 
  seems 
  to 
  have 
  been 
  a 
  little 
  longer 
  than 
  the 
  

   anal, 
  and 
  in 
  both 
  it 
  and 
  the 
  latter 
  the 
  rays 
  branch 
  similarly 
  to 
  those 
  of 
  

   the 
  ventrals. 
  The 
  caudal 
  is 
  large 
  and 
  deeply 
  forked, 
  each 
  lobe 
  being 
  

   of 
  nearly 
  equal 
  length 
  ; 
  but, 
  as 
  the 
  tail-margin 
  slopes 
  rapidly 
  in- 
  

   wards 
  ventrally, 
  the 
  rays 
  of 
  the 
  ventral 
  lobe 
  are 
  very 
  much 
  longer 
  

   than 
  those 
  of 
  the 
  dorsal 
  lobe, 
  and 
  they 
  are 
  also 
  much 
  stronger. 
  

   The 
  rays 
  of 
  the 
  caudal 
  fin 
  are 
  numerous, 
  and 
  similar 
  in 
  character 
  

   to 
  those 
  of 
  the 
  others. 
  Some 
  of 
  the 
  basal 
  ray-scales 
  have 
  the 
  

   surface 
  ornamentally 
  furrowed 
  or 
  wrinkled, 
  like 
  the 
  body- 
  scales; 
  

   in 
  the 
  other 
  fins 
  I 
  have 
  always 
  observed 
  that 
  the 
  ray-scales 
  are 
  

   smooth. 
  The 
  dorsal 
  and 
  ventral 
  margins 
  of 
  this 
  fin 
  are 
  fringed 
  with 
  

   fulcral 
  scales, 
  those 
  of 
  the 
  dorsal 
  lobe 
  being 
  longer 
  than 
  those 
  of 
  the 
  

   ventral. 
  Similar 
  though 
  smaller 
  fulcrals 
  protect 
  the 
  anterior 
  margins 
  

   of 
  the 
  dorsal, 
  anal, 
  ventrals, 
  and 
  pectorals. 
  

  

  The 
  head 
  is 
  obtuse, 
  and 
  has 
  the 
  orbit 
  placed 
  far 
  forwards 
  ; 
  the 
  

   jaws 
  are 
  powerful, 
  and 
  the 
  gape 
  is 
  very 
  large, 
  being 
  more 
  than 
  one- 
  

   fifth 
  of 
  the 
  length 
  of 
  the 
  body; 
  both 
  upper 
  and 
  lower 
  jaws 
  are 
  

   furnished 
  with 
  numerous 
  smooth, 
  conical, 
  pointed 
  teeth 
  about 
  one- 
  

   fifteenth 
  of 
  an 
  inch 
  in 
  length 
  ; 
  these 
  teeth 
  are 
  somewhat 
  irregularly 
  

   placed, 
  and 
  occasionally 
  slightly 
  bent 
  towards 
  the 
  point, 
  and 
  appear 
  

   to 
  have 
  a 
  few 
  minute 
  teeth 
  between 
  them. 
  The 
  surface 
  of 
  the 
  lower 
  

   jaw 
  is 
  covered 
  with 
  a 
  pustulate 
  and 
  wrinkled 
  ornamentation 
  ; 
  the 
  

   surface 
  of 
  the 
  rest 
  of 
  the 
  bones 
  of 
  the 
  head, 
  including 
  the 
  opercular 
  

   plates, 
  has 
  also 
  a 
  rugulose 
  appearance. 
  In 
  one 
  specimen 
  there 
  appear 
  

   to 
  be 
  traces 
  of 
  branchiostegal 
  rays. 
  

  

  The 
  scales 
  are 
  small 
  and 
  rhomboidal, 
  varying, 
  however, 
  consider- 
  

   ably 
  both 
  in 
  size 
  and 
  form. 
  The 
  dorso-ventral 
  series 
  are 
  arranged 
  

   in 
  steeply 
  sloping 
  curves. 
  The 
  lateral 
  thoracic 
  scales 
  are 
  much 
  

  

  2c2 
  

  

  