﻿1864.] 
  GODWIN-AUSTEN 
  NORTH-WESTERN 
  HIMALAYAS. 
  385 
  

  

  time 
  on 
  a 
  greater 
  scale 
  than 
  at 
  present. 
  "Within 
  the 
  Glacier-region, 
  

   the 
  waters 
  coming 
  down 
  one 
  line 
  of 
  valley 
  are 
  intercepted 
  by 
  glaciers 
  

   descending 
  at 
  right 
  angles 
  along 
  another. 
  In 
  somewhat 
  lower 
  

   regions, 
  the 
  fall 
  of 
  great 
  masses 
  of 
  rock, 
  coupled 
  with 
  the 
  form 
  of 
  

   these 
  valleys 
  (deep, 
  with 
  steep 
  sides 
  and 
  exceedingly 
  narrow), 
  produce 
  

   like 
  results 
  and 
  pen 
  back 
  the 
  waters. 
  

  

  He 
  illustrates 
  his 
  theory 
  by 
  describing 
  the 
  formation 
  of 
  a 
  lake, 
  

   200 
  yards 
  broad, 
  deep 
  and 
  long, 
  caused 
  by 
  the 
  obstruction 
  of 
  the 
  

   discharge 
  of 
  the 
  waters 
  of 
  the 
  Kulgfmi 
  river 
  through 
  a 
  valley 
  by 
  means 
  

   of 
  a 
  landslip, 
  which 
  process 
  he 
  had 
  actually 
  seen 
  in 
  progress. 
  

  

  2. 
  The 
  Siwalilc 
  Series. 
  — 
  In 
  the 
  Jummoo 
  and 
  Bhimbar 
  districts 
  this 
  

   formation 
  presents 
  low 
  rounded 
  hills 
  of 
  sandstone, 
  conglomerates, 
  

   and 
  boulders, 
  with 
  thick 
  loamy 
  partings, 
  the 
  outer 
  range 
  being 
  

   largely 
  composed 
  of 
  the 
  coarser 
  materials 
  ; 
  these 
  can 
  be 
  identified 
  as 
  

   having 
  been 
  derived 
  from 
  the 
  older 
  rocks 
  on 
  the 
  north, 
  including 
  

   those 
  of 
  the 
  Nummulitic 
  formation. 
  

  

  The 
  whole 
  of 
  the 
  sandstone-zone 
  has 
  been 
  much 
  disturbed, 
  and 
  

   presents 
  numerous 
  anticlinal 
  and 
  synclinal 
  ridges 
  and 
  valleys. 
  Prom 
  

   sections 
  taken 
  at 
  places 
  across 
  this 
  country, 
  combined 
  with 
  observa- 
  

   tions 
  made 
  by 
  Captain 
  Melville, 
  R.E., 
  it 
  has 
  been 
  found 
  that 
  the 
  

   anticlinal 
  axis 
  and 
  valley 
  of 
  elevation 
  of 
  the 
  Manour 
  Lake 
  extend 
  

   from 
  Jusrita 
  on 
  the 
  east 
  to 
  the 
  Eijouri 
  River 
  on 
  the 
  west, 
  the 
  

   direction 
  being 
  from 
  north-west 
  to 
  south-east, 
  or 
  parallel 
  with 
  the 
  

   main 
  higher 
  ranges, 
  for 
  a 
  distance 
  of 
  100 
  miles. 
  The 
  straightness 
  

   of 
  the 
  ridges 
  of 
  the 
  outer 
  sandstone-formation 
  is 
  very 
  remarkable, 
  

   as 
  for 
  miles 
  there 
  is 
  not 
  the 
  least 
  deviation 
  from 
  a 
  right 
  line. 
  

  

  3. 
  The 
  Nummulitic 
  Series. 
  — 
  Thick 
  masses 
  of 
  dark 
  compact 
  lime- 
  

   stone 
  occur 
  on 
  the 
  south 
  of 
  the 
  Pir-Pinjal, 
  on 
  the 
  rocks 
  of 
  which 
  

   range 
  it 
  seems 
  to 
  lie 
  unconformably. 
  As 
  these 
  limestones 
  occur 
  here 
  

   at 
  elevations 
  of 
  many 
  thousand 
  feet 
  above 
  the 
  place 
  of 
  the 
  Nummu- 
  

   litic 
  formation 
  in 
  the 
  bottom 
  of 
  the 
  valley 
  of 
  Kashmere, 
  between 
  the 
  

   "Wuller 
  and 
  Dul 
  Lakes, 
  and 
  where 
  their 
  relation 
  to 
  other 
  parts 
  of 
  

   the 
  fossiliferous 
  series 
  is 
  clear, 
  it 
  is 
  not 
  improbable 
  that 
  the 
  rocks 
  of 
  

   the 
  Pir-Pinjal 
  may 
  not 
  be 
  so 
  old 
  (Cambrian) 
  as 
  has 
  been 
  supposed. 
  

   In 
  other 
  parts 
  of 
  this 
  region, 
  on 
  the 
  south-east 
  and 
  east, 
  as 
  also 
  on 
  

   the 
  north, 
  the 
  Nummulitic 
  limestone 
  forms 
  everywhere 
  the 
  upper- 
  

   most 
  portion 
  of 
  the 
  great 
  fossiliferous 
  series, 
  extending 
  into 
  Ladak 
  

   and 
  Little 
  Thibet. 
  

  

  On 
  the 
  southern 
  slopes 
  of 
  the 
  Pir-Pinjal, 
  a 
  great 
  sandstone-group 
  

   is 
  next 
  met 
  with 
  above 
  the 
  Nummulitic 
  limestone 
  ; 
  in 
  fact, 
  the 
  whole 
  

   breadth 
  of 
  country 
  from 
  the 
  limestones 
  to 
  the 
  plain 
  of 
  the 
  Punjab 
  is 
  

   a 
  sandstone 
  -formation 
  ; 
  that 
  portion, 
  however, 
  which 
  is 
  near 
  the 
  

   Pinjal 
  must 
  be 
  far 
  older 
  than 
  the 
  outer 
  ranges 
  ; 
  the 
  rocks 
  are 
  hard, 
  

   highly 
  indurated 
  sandstones, 
  with 
  only 
  a 
  few 
  pebbles, 
  and 
  are 
  appa- 
  

   rently 
  non-fossiliferous. 
  

  

  Nearer 
  to 
  the 
  plains 
  there 
  is 
  a 
  zone 
  of 
  sandstone-ranges 
  of 
  a 
  

   wholly 
  different 
  character. 
  To 
  the 
  older 
  series 
  the 
  author 
  refers 
  the 
  

   Bijaori 
  country 
  downwards 
  beyond 
  Chingus. 
  Beyond 
  that 
  the 
  

   composition 
  of 
  the 
  sandstones 
  becomes 
  coarser 
  and 
  less 
  coherent, 
  and 
  

   they 
  are 
  interstratified 
  with 
  beds 
  of 
  loam. 
  In 
  these 
  beds 
  the 
  author 
  

  

  