CANCEL COAL OF THE WEST EIDIXG OF TORKSniRE. 57 



The whole series exhibits considerable variations in the character 

 and relative thickness of the strata. The coals, though perhaps 

 more persistent than the other members of the series, do not form 

 an exception. Sections exposed in pits and borings in different 

 localities prove the coals to thin off in certain directions and almost 

 disappear ; in some the coal is divided into two bands by lenticular 

 masses of shale or sandstone many feet in thickness ; in others 

 two beds of coal gradually converge and form one thicker bed. In 

 this respect the Middle Coal-measures differ from the Lower Coal- 

 measures. The latter, especially in the Lower or Halifax series, are 

 remarkably persistent. The Halifax hard and soft coals extend over 

 the whole of the Coal-field with an almost uniform thickness. They 

 are worked a few miles from Leeds, at Halifax, thence southwards 

 to the Sheffield district, and also in Derbyshire and JN'ottingham- 

 shire. 



The particular bed of coal which has furnished the material for 

 this paper is no exception to the general rule ; if any thing, it is 

 more variable than any other coal in the series. The Adwalton 

 Stone Coal or Cannel exists over a district about 20 square miles in 

 extent. It has been, or is, worked at Adwalton, Carlinghow, 

 Bruntcliffe, Gildersome, Morley, Tingley, and Ardsley. On the 

 K.W. and W. the outcrop occurs a little beyond Carlinghow and 

 Adwalton. On the N.E. the measures, including the Cannel Coal, 

 are thrown by a fault against the Lower Coal-measures. On the 

 South and S.E. they gradually thin out and disappear. The 

 following sections serve to show how extremely variable is the 

 quantity or thickness of the Cannel Coal even in this small area. 



Taking the colliery at Tingley as a centre, we have the following 

 section : — 



ft, in. 



Black shale with ironstone containing Anthracosics 6 



Shell -bed, composed of -i^zz'Aracosfcs 9 



Black arenaceous shale 1 4 



" Hubb " or " Drub " (an impure coal) 1 3 



Cannel Coal 1 



Carbonaceous shale 4 



Fireclay 1 



The " Hubb " or " Drub " is an impure Cannel Coal containing a 

 large percentage of earthy matter. It burns with a bright flame, 

 but is rendered useless for making gas by the great quantity of 

 ashes produced during calcination. 



At Carlinghow, 2-i- miles S.W. from Tingley, there is this section : — 



ft. in. 



Stone Coal 1 3 



Coal 2^ 



ShaleandCoal H 



White earth 7 



Black Coal 1 



At Adwalton and Gildersome, at the N.E. extremity, the following 

 Bection has been exposed : — 



