TEETIAKT PERIOD BY MEAI^S OE THE MAMMALIA. 389 



genera AnchitJierium and AmpJiicyon are among the survivors from 

 the Upper Eocene. The Proboscidea are represented by the Deino- 

 there and the Mastodon, while the Edentates are represented by a 

 gigantic anteater, the Macrotheriwn. The genus Macliairodus also 

 appears for the first time, as well as the Hycenarctos, found also in 

 the Miocenes of the Sevalik hills. 



The higher apes also haunted the Mid-Eocene forests of Erance, 

 Sv;dtzerland, Germany, and Italy. The Fliopithecus of Sansan is 

 considered by Prof. Gervais* and Dr. Eorsyth Majorf to be allied to 

 the anthropoid division; while a second, the Dryojnthecus of St. 

 Gaudens, according to Prof. Lartet J, rivalled man in size, and, 

 according to Prof. Owen §, is allied to the PliopitJiecus and to the 

 gibbons. A third, found at Steinheim in Wiirttemberg, is referred 

 by Prof. Eraas|| to the genus Colohus (Colohv.s grandcevus) ; and a 

 fourth, Oreojnthecus, is stated by Prof, Gervais to be allied to the 

 anthropoid apes, the macaques, and the baboons. 



Man is believed by Dr. Hamy^ and M. de Mortillet** to have 

 belonged to the Mid-Miocene fauna of Erance, on the grounds that 

 the splinters of flint found in the Mid-Miocene strata at Thenay by 

 the xibbe Bourgeoisft, and that the notches on a rib of Hcditherium 

 found at Ponance by M. Delaunay are beyond a doubt artificial and 

 human. The evidence, however, seems to me to be unsatisfactory. 

 It is most unlikely that man, the most specialized of the Mammalia, 

 formed part of a fauna in which no other living species of mammal 

 was present. He belongs to a far more advanced stage of evolution 

 than that of the Mid-Miocene age, as may be seen by the examina- 

 tion of the diagram, p. 381 ; and the evolution of the animal kingdom 

 had at this time advanced as far as, but no further than, the Simiadse. 



11. The JJpjoer-Miocene Mammalia. 



The labours of Dr. Kaup, of Darmstadt, followed many years 

 afterwards by the remarkable discoveries of Prof. Gaudry in Italy 

 and Erance, enable us to form an adequate idea of the Mammalia 

 living in Europe in the IJjDper-Miocene age. The following list is 

 compiled principally from the work of the last-named author %%. 



* Zool. et Pal. Fran9. p. 8. 



t Atti della Soc. Ital. di Sc. Nat. xv. 1872. 



I Comptes Rendus, xliii. 18.5G. The late development of the wisdom-tooth, 

 considered by Lartet to be a character peculiar to this animal, is met with also, 

 as Forsyth Major remarks, in the Macacus rhesus. It has not, therefore, the 

 importance which is attached to it by Lartet and Lyell (Student's Elements, 

 p. 196). See also Gaudry, ' Les Enchainements,' p. 237. 



§ Proc. Zjpol. Soc. Lond. xxvi. p. 18. 



II Die Fauna von Steinheim, Wiirtt. nat. Jahreshefte, xxvi. 1870, p. 145. 

 •[[ Hamy, Paleontologie Humaine, p. 45. 



^* Mortillet, Eevue Prehistorique, 1879, p. 119. 



ft Bourgeois, Congr. Int. Archeol. Prehist. Paris vol, p. 67, Brussiis vol. 

 p. 81. 



X\ Les Animaiix Fossiles et la Geologic de VAttique, 1862-68 ai d Les 

 Animanx Fossiles de Mont Leberon, 4to. 



