TEKTIAEY PERIOD BY MEANS OF THE MAMMALIA. '391 



12. The Characteristic Upper-Miocene Forms. 



The new living genera of the Upper Miocene are : — 



Giraffe, Camelopardalis. Hyaena, Hycena. 



Gazelle, Gazella. Porcupine, Hystrix. 



And the extinct genera surviving from the Mid Miocene are : — 



Macrotherium. Aceratherium. 



Mastodon. Chdlicotherium, 



DinotJierium. Machairodus. 



The Edentates still lived in Germany and Greece ; and the Hip- 

 parion was abundant in Middle and Southern Europe. 



The horns of the rhinoceros and of' the antelopes are larger than 

 in the Mid-Miocene age ; and the antlers of the deer, still small, are 

 considerably larger than before, arriving at their maximum develop- 

 ment in the Cerviis Matheroni, Gerv., of Mont Leberon *. The 

 canines of the hogs still remained very small. 



Xumerous apes intermediate between Semnopithecus and Maca- 

 cus lived in the wooded slopes leading from Pikermi towards the 

 plain of Marathon and down to the great plains, now submerged, 

 which extended southwards towards Africa and eastwards towards 

 Asia Minor. A large ape found at Eppelsheim extends the range of 

 the Simiadse as far north as lat. 49° 43' or 14° beyond the present 

 northern limit of the Old-AYorld apes. It is worthy of remark that, 

 in the iS^ew World the Laojnthecus, Marsh, of the Miocene strata 

 of Nebraska is foimd from 14° to 15° north of the present range of 

 the American Monkeys. Erom this it may be inferred that the 

 climatal change by which the Simiadce have been restricted to their 

 present habitats, has been the same in the jS'ew and the Old Worlds. 



13. The Loiuer-Pliocene Mammcdia of France. 



The history of the Pliocene Mammalia of Europe may be studied 

 most conveniently from the points of view offered by the groups of 

 animals discovered at Montpellier, and at Mont Perrier and Issoire 

 in Auvergne, belonging to the upper and lower divisions, and those 

 of the upper Yal d'Arno in Italy, belonging to the former. The 

 following lists are founded on those of Professor Gervais, with the 

 addition of certain species identified by Dr. Falconer and myself. 



LOWEE-PLIOCENE MAMMALS OF FRAIS^CE— STAGE OF 

 MONTPELLIER. 



Peoboscidea. 



Mastodon arvemensis, Fcdc.,= M. brevirostris, Gerv. 



TJngulata Perissodactyla. 

 Ehinoceros megarliinus, Christol, = Tapirus minor, Sores. 

 Ungulata Artiodactyla. 

 Sus provinciahs, Gerv. 



* Dawkius, Quart. Jourii. Geol. Soc. vol. xir. p. 402. 



