PLIOCEjfE PEEIOD IN ENGLAND. 471 



Eed Crag at "Walton Naze and the section at Needham referred to in 

 Stage I. 



It thus appears that during or after the accumulation of beds 

 h 1 and 6 ^, but previous to or coincidently with the setting in of the 

 great submergence of England during which the brickearth hS 

 was formed, a disturbance of the Lower Glacial sea-bed took place, 

 which caused the denudation oi hi and h2 oyer the area between 

 Sheets 68 and 48. 



The masses of marl imbedded in the churned-up mass of the Till 

 and Contorted Drift in the Cromer Cliff appear to me to have had 

 their origin and been thus introduced at the time when, from in- 

 creasing submergence, and particularly from the augmentation of 

 this in the westerly direction, the ice retreated from the position 

 which it occupied during the formation of the Till, to take a new 

 direction to the sea, in accordance with the altered inclination, as 

 detailed in the sequel. In consequence of this the ice which had 

 issued through the Humber to form the Till retreated to the top of 

 the chalk "Wold, terminating in the sea where this Wold is lowest, 

 viz. in South Lincolnshire, and where a vast accumulation of recon- 

 structed chalk, so pure as, like these marl masses, to be burned for 

 lime (and which is shown as part of the Chalky Clay in map No. 1), 

 lies up against the chalk in situ in Sheets 83 and 84. This forms 

 a range of hills as high, or nearly so, as the Wold itself in that 

 part ; and out of it the Bain- Steeping trough referred to in Stage 

 lY. has been excavated, this marl forming one side of that trough 

 and the chalk the other, and at the head of the trough forming a 

 plateau which is continuous with the Wold- top. Bergs breaking 

 from the ice thus terminating, carried masses of this accumulation 

 into the sea and over North Norfolk. 



The masses of marl thus introduced into the Contorted Drift of 

 Norfolk are, in the north of that country, excavated both for agri- 

 cultural purposes and for lime-making; and their position in the 

 Cromer-Cliff section appears to me to show that for the most part 

 they were not introduced until near the termination of the bed hS, 

 and to have in some cases sunk or been forced through this bed. So 

 far as the pall of d does not conceal them, I have shown them in 

 fig. YIII., and have endeavoured there to convey some idea of the 

 manner in which, as seen in the cliff itself, they occur and are con- 

 nected with the contortions. They vary much in character, never 

 consisting of pure unaltered chalk, such as is imbedded and some- 

 times interstratified in strips of considerable thickness in the Till, 

 but present all gradations of glacially reconstructed material, from 

 shattered chalk, with disturbed flint and galls of clay, to removed 

 and transported Contorted Drift itself. They mostly consist of ma- 

 terial which is undistinguishable from that part of the Chalky Clay 

 which I have just described as abutting in thick mass against the 

 Lincolnshire Wold in Sheets 83 and 84. Sometimes in the inland 

 sections in the south-west of Sheet 68 they consist of finely stratified 

 chalk silt, passing from a white to a pale lavender colour, and 

 splitting up into laminae as fine as paper. In some instances equally 



