490 s. V. WOOD, Jim.f oif the newer 



The bed marked h in it is described by Messrs. Crosskey and Wood- 

 ward as a ground moraine containing striated blocks, and was, I 

 infer, moraine formed on land prior to tbe retreat of the ice as the 

 sea invaded this region during the sinking of the land in Stage II. 

 The clay so marked d is not described by these gentlemen as con- 

 taining chalk ; but I feel no doubt that it is the Chalky-Clay forma- 

 tion accumulated beyond the limit to which the chalk debris reached 

 in the moraine, for this debris diminishes greatly through Sheet 63. 

 They, however, say that it contains pockets of gravel and sand, the 

 former being small and water-worn ; and this is the case with the 

 Chalky Clay in many places, as, for instance, in that overlying c in 

 fig. X., where they are shown by the letter c\ It seems to me 

 that at this place the mud-bank entered the sea where this was at 

 first 80 feet deep, but eventually only 60. The sloping face of this 

 bank is that which is overlain by the gravel e, while the gravel c 

 represents the sea-bottom on to which it slid. As the morainic 

 material slid down this face each summer on to the gravel bottom, 

 it rolled up the gravel deposited thinly on its slope in the interval, 

 incorporating it in pockets in the clay. 



In fig. XYI. (which is about IJ mile south of Guist in fig. YIII.), 

 a band of c, about a, foot thick, runs through the Chalky Clay at an 

 inclination corresponding with the face of the mud-bank in JSTorden- 

 skiold's figure, and with that in fig. XYII. A talus of the clay 

 over the lower end of it prevented my seeing how this band terminated 

 in the clay ; but it seems to me to be simply the gravel formed on 

 the sloping face of the mud-bark during a short interval in which no 

 accession was made to it, and which, when accession took place, in- 

 stead of being rolled up, was covered by the mud. The absence of 

 gravel under the elay, which here rests on the Contorted Drift directly, 

 is thus not due to the moraine being laid down above water ; for the 

 elevation of the section is below that at which on either side of the line 

 of fig. YIII. the junction of c with d occurs, this junction, though 

 for the most part destroyed by the subsequent cutting-out action of 

 the ice along the valley, being still preserved on either side of the 

 line of that figure, viz. in Eakenham town in the one direction and 

 f mile E.S.E. of fig. XYI. in the other. 



When, by the retreat of the Chalky-Clay ice, the progress of this 

 bank in fig. XYII. ceased, the sea, instead of the little gravel it 

 deposited in winter being rolled up the next summer into pockets 

 as the mud moved again, deposited without interruption its gravel 

 (e) over the sloping face of the bank, now no longer recruited 

 with morainic material. This it did up to the height to which 

 the sea-surface rose, the bank forming its foreshore, no appreciable 

 cnange in the level having in the interval occurred. Such gravel, 

 therefore, though it overlies the clay d, necessarily inosculates 

 with that marked c, of which beyond the tail of the bank it was 

 the immediate and uninterrupted continuation. The gravel e is 

 described by Messrs. Crosskey and Woodward as more clayey than 

 c ; and this, I infer, was in consequence of the wash of the waves 



