496 S. V. WOOD, JUN., ox THE NEWEE 



Yare valley which has produced the appearance of the beds exhi- 

 bited by fig. XYIII. 



In the valley below both these excavations lies the " third 

 Eoulder-clay " {d\ resting on chalk, which is glaciated and converted 

 into the greasy marl, already spoken of, and which is shown in 

 fig. IX. by the letters iii'. On the opposite side of the river, in the 

 lower part of the southern side of the valley, is the long-known 

 crag-pit of Whitlingham ; and there the chalk, with the crag over- 

 lying it, is in a similar disturbed state, the lines of flint showing 

 that it has been forced upwards by lateral pressure. 



In many places in this valley, and in the tributary valleys of the 

 Wensum and Tese, where the floor is chalk, evidences of the same 

 occupation of the valleys by ice after their first excavation are 

 afforded by the presence of morainic clays, generally resembling that 

 on the high grounds, but sometimes more chalky in character. These 

 mostly rest on glaciated chalk, similarly to that in fig. IX. ; but in 

 some cases in the Wensum-valley bottom I have found this under- 

 lain by a gritty sandy accumulation, which I regard as moraine pro- 

 duced by the destruction of 6 ^ or 6 ^ and c. 



The alluvium sheet in the valley of the Wensum and in that of 

 the Yare and its tributaries west of Bramerton, lying lower than 

 the floor of chalk on which the Pliocene formations repose, the evi- 

 dences which I have been describing of their former occupation by 

 ice are thus not altogether concealed there. In the valley of the 

 "Waveney (in the N. of Sheet 50, S.E. of Sheet 66, and S.W. of 

 Sheet 67), however, this is otherwise, and the entire floor of that 

 valley is, with the exception of some prominences of chalk protruding 

 at Diss, concealed by the alluvium up to and above the base of the 

 Pliocene formations. We are thus deprived of the opportunity of 

 examining whether this valley was subjected to the same action as 

 were those of the Wensum and Yare. As, however, the Chalky Clay 

 at the very source of the Waveney, where it takes its rise at Lopham- 

 ford, plunges over the valley side and passes under the alluvium, 

 and, as I shall show, the next principal valley to the south of 

 the Waveney, that of the Gipping (near the centre of Sheets 50 

 and 48), has been subjected to the same kind of action as that of 

 the Wensum and Yare, there can scarcely be a doubt that the valley 

 of the Waveney has also. 



This vaUey forms one continuous trough with that of the Little 

 Ouse river, which flows in the opposite direction to the Waveney, 

 and through the north-west of Sheet 50 into the Great Ouse in 

 Sheet 65 ; and both rivers take their rise in a marsh at Lopham, 

 where the valley, or trough, is as wide as it is much further 

 down, either in the east or west direction. The late Mr. J. W. 

 Flower always (but in ignorance, I believe, of the facts attending 

 the position of the Chalky Clay) insisted upon this feature being 

 irreconcilable with the theory of the valleys or, rather, the one 

 continuous trough having been excavated by the rivers that take 

 their rise in it at Lopham, and run thence in opposite directions ; 

 and so, in my opinion, it is ; but the position of the Chalky Clay 



