504 s. V. WOOD, Jim., on the newee 



In the valley of the Gipping the evidence is similar to that of the 

 Yare. Thus there is no gravel over the Chalky Clay along the line 

 of fig. I. A or in fig. XX. ; but in fig. XIX., which is distant only 

 1|- mile from it and half a mile from the line of fig. I. a, a thick 

 bed of gravel lies against a low cliff of the Chalky Clay ; and it is 

 not to any sinking of the land, but to the rise of the flood-water 

 from impediments offered to its escape by the ice in the valley, that 

 I attribute the position thus occupied by the gravel. 



The gravel thus bedded up to the cliff in fig. XIX. has a great 

 development in this Gipping valley about Claydon, and thence north- 

 wards up the valley to Needham Market, a space of about 4 miles 

 in length, extending high up the sides of the valley ; but above 

 Needham there is no such feature, what gravel there is being the 

 Middle Glacial (c) cropping out from beneath the Chalky Clay by the 

 valley denudation; while from Claydon seawards such gravel as 

 there is in the valley lies at a much lower level, skirting the allu- 

 vium, and is part of that traced in Stage Y. as indicating the posi- 

 tion of the sea at the close of the Chalky Clay. 



Prom this it would appear as if by some glacier ice remaining in 

 the valley below Claydon, and blocking up the escape of the flood- 

 water, this water accumulated in the upper part of the valley be- 

 tween Claydon and Needham, and when standing at the level of the 

 top of the chalk in fig. XIX. wore away the clay cliff; after which, 

 by the persistence of the dam, the waters from the ice-melting rose 

 higher and bedded their gravel up to, and probably over, this cliff, 

 and so up the valley as far as this arrested water extended ; and 

 upon the dam disappearing the water escaped too quickly to leave 

 any of this gravel over the valley below, in its rush probably rather 

 denuding than depositing. South of this valley we lose these fea- 

 tures, and in the valley of the Blackwater traversed by the line of 

 fig. YII. we seem to get evidence of the sea entering the valley as 

 the glacier ice dissolved, and depositing sand and gravel over the 

 moraine. 



In this case the Chalky Clay cutting out the gravel c and occupying 

 the bottom of the valley, passes up by very gradual change into a 

 sandy brickearth, at first blue and full of chalk, and much like the 

 clay itself for a foot or two, then becoming brown sandy brickearth 

 for a few feet, and then almost as gradually changing to gravel. A 

 section showing this at Appleford bridge (over the Blackwater, one 

 mile north of the line of fig. YII.) was given by Mr. Harmer and 

 myself in the 33rd vol. of the Journal, p. Ill, and we were then 

 under the impression that the clay in it was a bed at the base of 

 the gravel c ; but Mr. W. H. Dalton, of the Geological Survey, 

 found, from a series of well-borings, that the clay in question is the 

 Chalky Clay making the plunge which I have described as occurring 



bed containing these shows that the surface of the uncovered moraine was 

 inhabited by them. Mr. Flower always, though without suggesting how, clung 

 to the opinion of the palaeolithic gravels of the Little Ouse district having 

 been due to flood or cataclysmic action. See also last note. 



