524 S. V. WOOD, JTJN., ON THE NEWEE 



the direction of the sea at the time, we can hardly doubt that some- 

 thing similar must have taken place with any morainic clay which 

 formed on the west of the Pennine, unless the deeper-water conditions 

 there prevailing checked the process. The Lower Clay there, being 

 apparently an uninterrupted formation, must also represent the Purple 

 Clay of Yorkshire, quite as much as it does the Chalky Clay. Prom the 

 circumstance of the sea of the period towards which the Chalky-Clay 

 moraine moved having lain over the centre and south of England, 

 this moraine now lies over the Eastern and North Midland counties ; 

 but it seems to me that the contemporaneous moraine of the JN^orth- 

 west, or most of it, must have been carried out so as now to lie in the 

 St. George's Channel and that the Lower Clay of Cumberland, Lanca- 

 shire, and Cheshire with shells corresponds with thaf part of the Purple 

 Clay which lies in Sheets 87, 93, 96, and 99 rather than with the 

 Chalky Clay. So far as I have been able to gather the facts, this clay 

 does not underlie the gravel at highest elevations which contains 

 shells, such as the patch near the " Setter Dog," Macclesfield ; and 

 it appears to me that these elevated patches are those which have 

 escaped destruction by the ice, from this during its advance not 

 having reached them. This, it seems to me, may have been due 

 to the trend of the southern extremity of the Pennine being easterly, 

 while the inclination of England was westerly, and on the western 

 side northerly also ; so that a westerly and north-westerly motion of 

 the ice giving rise to this clay prevailed, thus causing it, after 

 leaving its chief gathering-ground in the Westmoreland mountains, 

 to pass the southern extremity of the Pennine at levels below those 

 up to which the sea depositing the gravels of Stage II. had reached ; 

 for the position of the Chalky Clay skirting Charnwood Eorest in 

 Sheet 63 shows that even on the east of the Pennine the ice as it got 

 southwards reached no great height. Wherever, then, the ice went 

 the gravels anterior to it not saved by the mud-bank were destroyed ; 

 and hence such gravels as do occur in the north-west over the clay 

 are altogether later than those at extreme elevations, and separated in 

 age from them by the time involved in the accumulation of that clay. 

 The highest point to which I have met with notices of gravel con- 

 taining shells resting on this clay is at Macclesfield Cemetery, which is 

 stated to be 600 feet below the patch with shells at the Setter Dog Inn 

 mentioned in Stage II.* This is later than that(e) which I have traced 

 as occurring over the Chalky Clay along the issue of that clay to the sea 

 for the following reasons, viz. : — The line of gravel e I have traced 

 as marking a rise of about 300 feet, which had taken place between 

 the time when the gravels formed at the culmination of submergence 

 were deposited and that when the ice of the Chalky Clay began to 

 disappear ; but the difi'erence in elevation between these two beds of 

 gravel at Macclesfield is much more than this. Since, however, the 

 Lower Clay of the north-west on which the least elevated of these 

 beds rests represents the Purple Clay also, during the formation of 

 the later portion of which I have just endeavoured to show East 

 Yorkshire completely emerged, this additional difference represents 

 the further emergence during the time in which the Purple Clay 

 * Darbishire, in Greol. Mag. vol. ii. pp. 41 and 292. 



