TYLOR QUATERNARY GRAVELS. (35 



of Uribs were also met with in the Wortley Beck Fields closely 

 adjoining. 



Section at Holbeck. 



Greyish sandstone 2 feet. 



Yellow sand 2 feet. 



White sand with well rolled boulders of grit and sand- 

 stone, with an occasional fragment of limestone and 

 chert thickness unknown. 



Mr. Piliter, the engineer of the Leeds Waterworks, informed me 

 that the exact position where the remains were found was 53*^ 47' 42" 

 N., 1° 34' 10" W. 



It is uncertain whether the Aire-vallej gravel represents exactly 

 the beginning of the series of the Kirkdale-cave deposits ; but the 

 discovery of the Hippopotamus 10 feet below the surface of the 

 gravel, and only 15 feet above the present level of the Aire, clearly 

 proves that the great mass of the Bingley accumulations was anterior 

 to the time at which the Leeds Hippopotamus lived. If the upper 

 series of these Bingley gravels represented in time the last deposit 

 of 10 feet at Leeds, they would be of the same date as the Hippo- 

 potamus, and aU the lower part of the gravel at Bingley below the 

 10-feet level would be older than the Hippopotamus. 



In fig. 2, plan of the course of the river Aire between Bingley and 

 Shipley, a curve not very remote from the horseshoe-form is seen. 



The section of the river-banks at many points near this curve (see 

 PL IV. figs. 4 & 5) present steep escarpments to the river, and thus 

 preclude any supposition of glacial or marine action, as neither 

 sea nor glacier could arrange heaps of gravel with a regular slope 

 facing a river following its course in a horseshoe ciu-ve. 



When we find a set of gravels in the valleys of other rivers de- 

 posited in slopes and levels in a similar manner, and bearing close 

 comparison in contour, condition, mineral contents, dimensions, and 

 position with the mammahferous gravel of the Aire, it may be safely 

 inferred that we are examining valley-gravels of the same date as 

 that of the Aire, although Hippopotamus and Elephant may not be 

 found in every river- deposit. 



The discovery of Hippopotamus in such a nearly perfect and 

 unrolled condition in the superficial deposit of the river Aire, at 

 Leeds, was a most fortunate thing for geologists who discuss the 

 later Quaternary deposits, as it shows that the range of the ex- 

 tinct Mammalia extended to a time since which there have been no 

 changes of importance in the level, nor disturbance, of the superficial 

 deposits in Yorkshire. 



At Cottingley Beck, near C, fig. 2, there is a natural section of 

 gravel resting on shale and clay, and containing a block of sandstone 

 moved from a distance. It is 12 feet long, and of very great weight, 

 and only 6 feet from the surface. This could only have been trans- 

 ported down the small valley occupied by Cottingley Beck by a very 

 heavy flood, and is an indication of the amount of rain which must have 

 fallen at the date of the accumulation of the Aire- valley gravels. 



Similar animal remains to those at Leeds have been found 



VOL. XXV. PART I. p 



