1868.] KINGSMILL GEOLOGY OF CHINA. 127 



of about 60°. The coal-beds open out into a narrow valley, and 

 have at one time been worked, but abandoned owing to difficulties 

 attending the Taiping rebellion. In the neighbourhood of this place, 

 in the Shenlung pass and in adjacent localities, a good deal of excel- 

 lent iron ore, in the shape of hcematite, occurs. Proceeding in a S.W. 

 direction across the strike of the rocks, the coal-beds seem to be 

 brought to the surface by a synclinal in the valley to the north of 

 the Hwa-shan ; the older rocks then reappear, forming in the 

 mountain an anticlinal, and again dipping to the south form another 

 valley filled for the most part with the later formations, but with 

 the harder rocks still appearing at intervals in low detached ranges. 

 To the south of this valley the series 4 and 5 again occur, the coal- 

 bearing beds appearing at the side of a narrow valley S.W. of Pah- 

 hwei-miau, beyond which, in a regular descending series, the lower 

 beds again occur, running out in a long spur into the plain at the 

 south (see section, p. 124). 



" Although I have not noticed other outcrops of the coal-beds to 

 the east of this line, I have no doubt of their occurrence, as the chert- 

 bearing limestone is to be found in several localities approaching 

 within a few miles of Chinkiang. Near Chinkiang itself, at a place 

 called Lui-shan, five miles distant, and also at another spot near 

 Kaotseh-chen, some fourteen miles away, this limestone seems to 

 occur ; the succeeding shales are ferriferous. At Lui-shan, in some 

 detached hills, apparently belonging to this portion of the series, I 

 collected some fine specimens of haematite ; the beds cross the hill 

 with a dip of about 60° towards the north ; they seemed to be about 

 30 feet in thickness, as, although not exposed for that distance, the 

 surface was covered with particles of the ore. Simple quarrying is 

 here all that is necessary to obtain the metal. Close by, within 

 about 150 feet, the band of cherty limestone, about 200 feet in 

 thickness, likemse was found lying conformably with the ii^on beds. 

 This hill is about 200 feet in height, and mthin a mile of a navi- 

 gable canal leading to the river Yangtse ; some specimens of the ore 

 here were highly magnetic. Though I did not succeed in finding at 

 this locality the coal-bed spoken of above, I have little doubt of its 

 existence. The other locality is within two miles of a tile- and 

 pottery-village called Paokiang-yau, itself about three miles from 

 Kaotseh-chen, a village situated on the main road to Nanking, with 

 which, as well as Chinkiang, it has likewise water communication. 

 Here also the ore is accompanied by limestone ; but, owing to the 

 intrusion of a large mass of porphyry, both iron and limestone are 

 metamorphosed, the former into magnetic ore, the latter into white 

 crystalline marble, much used by the natives for the manufacture of 

 whiting. 



" I also noticed beds of iron ore at the foot of the Chung-shan, 

 within three miles of the Taiping gate of Nanking ; they were visible 

 here at the head of a small valley which cut into the rocks under- 

 lying the Chung-shan series. My specimens collected here, how- 

 ever, were by no means equal to the others ; but, owing to their posi- 

 tion, a good section could not be obtained of the beds." 



