1869.] DAWKINS — BRITISH POSTGLACIAL MAMMALS. 211 



would warrant the classification of the one as Tertiary and the other 

 as Quaternary. 



All the Preglacial animals now alive are to be found in temperate 

 regions; and there is every reason to believe that the extinct species 

 also rejoiced in a temperate or moderately warm climate. 



We have now the materials for the definition of the Postglacial 

 mammals. The Preglacial Ursus spelceus?, Sorex, Talpa Europ(^a, Cer- 

 vits megaceros?, O. capreolus, C. elaphus, Bos primigenius, Hippopota- 

 mus major, Equus fossilis, Elephas antiquus and Castor Jiher held their 

 own ground against the invaders from other geographical provinces. 

 The Leptorhine Ehinoceros of Owen, although absent from the forest- 

 bed, is found abundantly in the Pliocenes in the north of Italy. All 

 that can be said about the Cats, the Brown and Grizzly Bears, the 

 Badger, Ermine, Stoat, Otter, Wolf and Pox, Bison, Wild Boar, 

 Hare, Rabbit, Arvicola agrestis, A. pratensis, and the common Mouse, 

 is that none of them have yet been found in the Forest-bed. The 

 remaining group of Postglacial mammals, consisting of the Glutton, 

 the Heindeer, Elk, Musk-sheep, two kinds of pouched Marmots, 

 the Cave-pika, the Lemming, and the two extinct species Rhinoceros 

 tichorhinus and ElepJias primigenius, appear in strong contrast to the 

 other animals. They probably migrated, as M. Lartet has suggested, 

 from their ancient home in Siberia ; and their advent in Britain de- 

 fines the Postglacial from the Preglacial fauna. The presence of 

 Palaeolithic Man, the Cave-lion, and Cave-hysena may also be con- 

 sidered characteristic. 



§ 10. Relation of Postglacial to Prehistoric Mammals. — The Sheep, 

 Goat, Bos longifrons, and Dog make their appearance for the first 

 time in the Prehistoric epoch in alluvia and bone-caves, sometimes 

 with and sometimes without the traces of Man. All four are found 

 round the Pfahlbauten of the Stone age in Switzerland * ; and there 

 is no evidence against the supposition that they may have been 

 introduced by the hand of man into Central and Western Europe. 

 The whole group of Postglacial Pachydermata, as well as the Cave- 

 lion, Cave-hysena, and Cave-bear, the Lynx, Machairodus, and all 

 the northern Mammalia, with the exception of the Elk and Rein- 

 deer, had vanished away at the close of the Postglacial epoch. The 

 Bison, moreover, was no longer found in our island. The rest of the 

 Postglacial mammals, comprising, for the most part, the smaller 

 species, lived on, such as the Brown Bear, Irish Elk, and the others 

 that are given in the Table of distribution. 



§ 11. Characteristic Postglacial Mammals. — The following may 

 be regarded as the fossil mammals that characterize British Post- 

 glacial deposits from those that went before and followed after: — 



Palaeolithic Man. 

 The Glutton. 

 The Cave-bear ? 

 The Grizzly Bear? 

 The Cave-lion. 

 The Cave-hyaena. 

 The Panther ? 



* Riitimeyer. Fauna der Pfahlbauten. 

 VOL. XXV. PAPvT I. Q 



The Musk-sheep. 



The tichorhine Rhinoceros. 



The Mammoth. 



The Lemming. 



The Cave-pika. 



The Pouched Marmot. 



Spermophilus erythrogenoides. 



