1869.] MACKINTOSH LAKCASHIiPvE AKD CtJMBERLAlfD DEIPTS. 423 



Ulverstone in terraces or knolls in tlie direction of Eardsea. A sec- 

 tion of it, excessively contorted, may be seen in a pit at Gascow, near 

 Conishead Priory. At "Wadhead the sea has cut away about half of 

 a sand and gravel knoll, containing unsteadily striated boulders and 

 seams of consolidated sand. I have not had an opportunity of tra- 

 cing the sand and gravel further south. West of Ulverstone it ex- 

 tends continuously for nearly two miles. It appears in the railway- 

 cutting close to where the Dalton Eoad crosses the railway ; and a 

 section of it revealing false-bedding may be seen at the end of a row 

 of cottages called Three Bridges. On the side of the road from 

 Dalton to Ireleth, and in knolls to the S. and S.E. of Ireleth railway- 

 station, and elsewhere in the neighbourhood, sections of it have been 

 exposed. Between Ulverstone and the Duddon it reaches an altitude 

 of at least 200 feet. IS'ear the summit-level of a wide pass or saddle 

 between Penny Bridge and Arrad Foot (north of Ulverstone) a 

 number of pits have been dug in a gravel knoll. At the bottom of 

 one pit I observed very hard typical pin el with boulders, underlying 

 stratified sand and gravel. In another pit a bed like pinel and nearly 

 as hard, but stratified, rose up to the surface in the form of a semi- 

 arch. Another pit revealed obliquely bedded gravel and sand ; a 

 fourth pit, dark sand under compact gravel. The beds in all the pits 

 were very mucji contorted ; the pinel here and there seemed to run 

 into beds of compact gravel ; and in other respects the drifts resem- 

 bled those of the Ulverstone railway-section. A farmer told me 

 that a knoll to the S.W. consisted of similar sand and gravel. The 

 altitude of these drifts is between 200 and 300 feet above the sea. 

 In the valley of the Crake an ochreous drift with numerous scratched 

 boulders runs down to the level of the river ; and in this district we 

 find an illustration of a fact which I believe to be of universal appli- 

 cation in all districts containing erratic boulders : the rivers or 

 brooks have nothing to do vn.th the drifts lying in or near their 

 courses further than reasserting them over very limited areas. It 

 ought not to be forgotten that in jSTorth-west Lancashire (and, I be- 

 lieve, in many other districts) the middle sand and gravel is more 

 frequently found on plains, watersheds, or hill-sides than in what 

 may be strictly called river- valleys ^. 



g. Pinel at High Levels. — It has just been stated that pinel may be 

 found under the middle drift on the pass between Penny Bridge and 

 Arrad Poot. ISTear to Beckside hamlet a good instance of its fre- 

 quent mode of occurrence at high levels may be seen. It occupies 

 small hollows in slate rocks mth planed-off edges. Pinel runs up 

 the sides of the hills to considerable altitudes between Beckside 

 hamlet and Ulverstone, and in some places it looks like an old sea- 

 beach or the remnant of a once extensive deposit still fringing or 

 clinging to the mountain-slopes. About Lindal pinel may here and 

 there be seen exposed in pit- and road-sections at levels varying 

 from 250 feet to upwards of 300 feet above the sea ; but much of 

 of what is called loose pinel in this district is probably upper diift. 



* The pinel in hilly countries occurs frequently at the bottom of valleys and 

 gullies, from which it thins out upwards along the slopes. 



