424 PROCEEDIIfGtS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [June 23, 



On walking from Ulverstone to Beckside village (Kirkby Ireleth. 

 district), over the intervening hilly region, the pinel may be traced 

 almost continuously. On ascending the hill the gutter in the road- 

 side reveals about the hardest and most typical pinel I have yet 

 seen. Its colour is almost invariably yellowish brown. Yalleys 

 have been filled up with it to a certain height ; and brooks have ex- 

 cavated their channels in it. Beyond a house called Harlock, and 

 along the east and north side of a round hill called Longslack, it runs 

 continuously, and presents all the most typical characteristics of the 

 formation, including large striated boulders. In most places it seems 

 to have been covered to a slight depth with loose angular detritus. 

 The pinel covers the greater part of the watershed of the flat shal- 

 low pass between the Longslack and Crag-Height eminences, where 

 it reaches an altitude of about 800 feet above the sea. It may be 

 traced running down the western side of the pass, where it has not 

 been covered with Upper Boulder- clay. It may possibly run under 

 the estuary of the Duddon so as to form a more or less continuous 

 deposit with the pinel on the other or Cumberland side of the river. 

 The accumulation of the pinel mantliEg round Longslack, and pro- 

 bably many of the neighbouring hills, might at first sight suggest 

 the idea of a great flow of land-ice ignoring hill and valley ; and yet 

 there would appear to be some difficulty in supposing land-ice capable 

 of leaving a continuous spread of pinel clinging to the convex side 

 of a hill and covering a wide shallow pass, as in the locality under 

 consideration. 



Ti. Upper Boulder-clay. — Where the ground begins to decline on 

 the western side of the above pass, the pinel gradually dips beneath 

 a rubbly clay. Lower down, on the Soutergate-road-side, at a height 

 of about 700 feet above the sea, the line of demarcation between the 

 pinel and this clay is very distinctly marked. Still lower down 

 this clay presents features which can leave no doubt that it is of 

 Upper-Boulder age. The channel excavated in it by the Cross beck 

 reveals a thickness of at least 100 feet. In several places it may be 

 seen resting on the denuded edges of slate rocks. It contains many 

 smoothed, polished, and striated boulders. At a lower level, on the 

 road-side, pinel occasionally makes its appearance underneath this 

 upper drift. The pinel is hard and of a yellowish-brown colour*; 

 the upper drift loose. and of a reddish colour. At a still lower level 

 a small boulder of granite, a sign, I believe, of Upper Boulder-clay 

 in this district (see sequel), made its appearance ; and all along there 

 were many boulders of porphyry and other rocks, which must have 

 been floated across the valley intervening between this hill-side and 

 the green slate and porphyry mountains. On many of the boulders 

 the striae were bent across each other in a remarkable manner. At 

 a small quarry above Gargreave, and about 250 feet above the sea, I 

 saw the edges of compact slate rocks planed down and slightly 

 grooved, the direction of the glaciation being 10° W. of IST., or ob- 



* On the other side of the depression traversed by the Cross beck, as may be 

 seen on the Beckside road, the upper drift has in most places thinned out, the 

 pinel coming to the surface. 



