part 1] PEOCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. vii 



such as Clerkenwell, Holywell, and St. Clement's. In the same 

 way the outlying hamlets (for instance, Putney, Roehampton, 

 Clapham, Brixton, Ealing, Acton, Paddington, Kensington, 

 Islington, etc.) started on the gravel, but later outgrew it, as 

 pointed out by Prestwich in his Presidential Address of 1873. In 

 the City the supply soon became inadequate, or as Stow says 

 ' decayed,' and sundry means were adopted to supplement it. The 

 conduit system, bringing water in pipes from distant springs, began 

 in 1236 ; London-Bridge Waterworks pumped water from the 

 Thames by water-wheels from 1582 to 1817 ; the New Piver was 

 constructed in 1613, and is still in use. It was not until the 

 19th century that steam-pumps and iron pipes made it possible 

 for the clay area to be occupied, thus linking together the various 

 hamlets that are now the Metropolitan Boroughs. 



Some of the ways in which Greology affects London to-day were 

 briefly indicated, and the lecture was illustrated by a number of 

 lantern-slides, reproduced mainly from old maps and prints. 



The cordial thanks of the Meeting were accorded to the 

 Lecturer. 



