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  INTRODUCTION. 
  

  

  generally 
  distributed 
  over 
  France 
  and 
  the 
  Spanish 
  

   Peninsula, 
  becoming 
  gradually 
  more 
  local 
  and 
  scarcer 
  

   east 
  of 
  the 
  Rhine, 
  and 
  not 
  extending 
  into 
  Russia 
  nor 
  

   south 
  of 
  the 
  Alps. 
  

  

  As 
  Eastern 
  forms 
  we 
  may 
  regard 
  Bomhinator 
  igneus, 
  

   Bufo 
  viridis, 
  and 
  Rana 
  arvalis, 
  which 
  do 
  not 
  extend 
  

   to 
  Belgium 
  and 
  France, 
  although 
  in 
  JSTortli 
  Africa 
  

   Biifo 
  viridis 
  reaches 
  the 
  Atlantic 
  coast 
  of 
  Morocco, 
  

   Bana 
  camerani 
  (Caucasus, 
  Armenia, 
  North-west 
  

   Persia), 
  and 
  Bana 
  grmca 
  (Greece, 
  Bosnia, 
  Italy). 
  

   Pelohates 
  fuscus 
  is 
  characteristic 
  of 
  Central 
  Europe. 
  

  

  Bomhinator 
  pachypiis 
  and 
  Bana 
  agilis 
  have 
  an 
  exten- 
  

   sive 
  but 
  somewhat 
  irregular 
  distribution, 
  being 
  absent 
  

   from 
  the 
  north 
  and 
  north-east 
  and 
  the 
  Pyrenean 
  

   Peninsula. 
  

  

  Three 
  species 
  have 
  a 
  very 
  restricted 
  range, 
  viz. 
  

   Alytes 
  cisternasii 
  (Pyrenean 
  Peninsula), 
  Bana 
  iberica 
  

   (Pjn^enean 
  Peninsula), 
  and 
  Bana 
  latastii 
  (Italy). 
  

  

  Bana 
  teniporaria 
  may 
  be 
  regarded 
  as 
  a 
  northern 
  

   species, 
  reaching 
  the 
  extreme 
  north 
  and 
  disappearing, 
  

   or 
  confined 
  to 
  the 
  mountains, 
  in 
  the 
  south 
  ; 
  whilst 
  

   Bana 
  escidenta 
  and 
  Hyla 
  arhorea 
  extend 
  very 
  far 
  

   south, 
  and 
  are 
  absent 
  from 
  the 
  extreme 
  north. 
  

  

  With 
  regard 
  to 
  the 
  range 
  from 
  north 
  to 
  south, 
  the 
  

   twenty 
  species 
  may 
  be 
  classed 
  in 
  the 
  following 
  order 
  : 
  

  

  1. 
  Bana 
  temporaria 
  . 
  

  

  2. 
  Bufo 
  vulgaris 
  . 
  

  

  3. 
  Bana 
  arvalis 
  . 
  

   . 
  K 
  (Bana 
  esculent 
  a 
  . 
  

  

  ' 
  '\Pelohates 
  fuscus 
  

   r. 
  r^ 
  \Bufo 
  viridis 
  

   ' 
  '{Bufo 
  caJamita 
  . 
  

  

  8. 
  Hyla 
  arbor 
  ea 
  . 
  

  

  9. 
  Bomhinator 
  ignev.s 
  

   10. 
  Bomhinator 
  pachypus 
  

  

  -J 
  -. 
  -. 
  o 
  {Alytes 
  obstetricans 
  

  

  ' 
  '^' 
  \Bana, 
  agilis 
  . 
  

   13. 
  Belodytes 
  punctatus 
  . 
  

  

  Northern 
  limit. 
  

  

  70° 
  

  

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