294 DALMATIA, EGYPT, AND SYRIA chap. 



sacia and Pupa are well represented, and there are one each of 



Glandina and Daudehardia. 



Balmatia and the adjacent districts are chiefly remarkable 



for the rich development of Clausilia, which here attains its 



maximum (nearly 100 species). The Campylaea section of 

 Helix is represented by its handsomest forms, 

 many of which are studded with short hairs. 

 Here too is the headquarters of Zonites 

 proper, which stretches westward as far as 

 Provence, and eastward to Asia Minor ; and 

 also of the single European Crlandina^ which 

 has a similar eastward range, but spreads 

 ^ ^ ^ westward through Italy and Sicily to 



Fig. 199. — a, Clausula ., . ^ ° . . ^, ^ '^ 



crassicosta Ben., Algeria, not occumng m southern France. 

 Sicily ; B, ciausiiia The land opcrculatcs are chiefly repre- 



macarana Zleg., Dal- , i i -r» , • i ,^ c i 



matia- B' ciausiiium sentcd by -Tomatias, and among the iresn- 

 ofsame. water operculates are a Melania and a 



Lithoglyphus^ the latter having probably spread from the basin 

 of the Danube. 



(iv) The Egypto-Syrian district extends along the south- 

 eastern shores of the Mediterranean from Tripoli to North Syria, 

 and eastward to the Euphrates valley. Lower Egypt alone 

 belongs to this portion, the fauna of Upper Egypt being of an 

 entirely tropical character, and belonging to the Ethiopian 

 Region. 



Lower Egypt. — The Mollusca of Lower Egypt stand in the 

 unique position of belonging, half to the Palaearctic, and half to 

 the Ethiopian Region. The land Mollusca are of a distinctly 

 Mediterranean type, while the fresh-water, directly connected as 

 the}^ are by the great highway of the Nile with regions much 

 farther south, contain a large admixture of thoroughly tropical 

 genera (^AmpuUaria, Lanistes^ Melania^ Cleopatra^ Corhicula^ 

 Cyrena^ Iridina^ Spatha^ Mutela). The Helices^ which are not 

 numerous, are rather a mixture of circum-Mediterranean species 

 than of a speciall}^ distinctive character. H. desertorum, how- 

 ever, belonging to the group Eremophila^ is characteristic. 

 There is a single Parmacella^ but the physical features of the 

 country are unfavourable to the occurrence of such genera as 

 Ciausiiia, Pupa, Hyalinia, and the land operculates. 



Syria. — The Mollusca, especially in the more mountainous 



