X EAST AUSTRALIA, TASMANIA, AND NEW ZEALAND 325 



In Eastern and Southern Australia (New South Wales, 

 Victoria, and South Australia) the tropical element, so abundant 

 in Queensland, almost entirely disappears, the last operculate (a 

 Relicina) only reaching Port Macquarie, though several species 

 of Helicarion occur in the extreme south. Sadr a is still abun- 

 dant in New South Wales (18 sp.) and S. Australia (10 sp.), 

 but becomes scarce in Victoria (2 sp.) ; New South Wales has 

 also one Panda and two Thersites. Cystopelta is common with 

 Tasmania, and one of the Janellidae (^Aneitea} with Queensland. 

 The carnivorous snails are represented by Rhytida. Caryodes, 

 a bulimoid group perhaps akin to Liparus^ is common with 

 Tasmania only. 



Tasmania. — About 80 species of land Mollusca are known, 

 not more than 10 .being common with Australia. No land 

 operculates occur ; Endodonta and Qharopa are rare, and Hadra 

 has entirely disappeared, but Pupa and Succinea occur. Car- 

 nivorous genera are represented by Paryphanta^ Rhytida^ and 

 Rhenea. Anoglypta is a peculiar section of Helix., while Caryodes^ 

 Cystopelta., and Ilelicarioii are common with Australia. Among 

 the fresh-water Mollusca are a Grundlaehia (see p. 345), and some 

 forms of Amnicola or Hydrohia^ one of which (Potamopyrgus^ is 

 common only with New Zealand.^ i 



The Neozealanian Province.^ — The Mollusca of New Zealand, 

 with the Kermadec, Chatham, and Auckland Is., are remarkably 

 isolated. Such genera as Nanina^ Partula., Pupa^ Stenogyra^ 

 Succinea., Vaginula, Truncatella., Helicina, and JVavicella, which 

 might have been expected to occur, are entirely absent. The 

 bulk of the land Mollusca are small and obscure forms, perhaps 

 remains of a very early type, and appear to belong to the Zoni- 

 tidae, neither Patida nor Helix occurring at all. The carnivorous 

 forms are represented by Schizoglossa^ a peculiar genus akin to 

 Daudehardia, by Paryphanta, an extraordinary group of large 

 shells with a thick leathery epidermis, and by Rhytida and 

 Rhenea. In spite of its extreme isolation, the general relations 

 of the fauna are partly with New Caledonia, partly with E. 

 Australia. The occurrence of Placostylus has already been 

 mentioned (p. 323), and three species of Janella, a genus which 

 also occurs in Queensland and New Caledonia, indicate the same 



1 See especially C. Hedley, Note on the Relation of the Land Mollusca of 

 Tasmania and New Zealand, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xiii. p. 442. 



